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Grammar Notes Grammar: Capitalization and Periods I. Rules for Capitalization and Period Use 1. Capitalize the beginnings of your sentences. 2. Capitalize proper nouns. 3. Put a period at the end of your sentence. Grammar: Easily Confused Words 1. Your (pronoun) a form of the possessive case of 2. 3. 4. 5. you. Example: I like your idea. You’re a contraction of “you are”. Example: You’re an expert There (adverb) in, at, or to that place or position. Example: The bookcase is over there. Their (pronoun) a form of the possessive case of they. Example: Their rights as citizens. They’re a contraction of “they are” Example: They’re going to be late. Grammar: Easily Confused Words 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Its (pronoun) possessive form of it Example: The book has lost its jacket. It’s contraction of “it is. Example: It’s starting to get dark outside. A lot (adverb) very many, a large number. Example: There was a lot of food left over. A lot (noun) a piece of land. Example: A building lot. Too (adverb) in addition, also. Example: There are too many people in the halls. To (preposition) expressing direction or motion Example: We finally came to the house. Two (noun) a number Example: There are two dogs in the house. Then (adverb) immediately or soon afterward. Example: The rain fell and then the sun came out. Than (conjunction) used to compare. Example: The dog was bigger than the cat. Grammar: Easily Confused Words 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Accept (verb) to take or receive something. Example: I will accept this offer. Except (preposition) with exclusion, but. Example: They all were ready except me. Affect (verb) to act on, produce a change. Example: The music affected him deeply. Effect (noun) something that is produced by cause. Example: His protest had no effect. Advice (noun) an opinion or recommendation. Example: I will take your advice to study more. Advise (verb) to give counsel. Example: The counselor advised the student to research colleges. Lead (verb) to go before, to influence. Example: The teacher lead the class in an activity. Led (verb) simple past tense of lead. Example: She led the team to victory last week. Grammar: Easily Confused Words 23. We’re contraction of we are. Example: We’re happy to help you. 24. Where (adverb) in or at what place. Example: Where are you going? 25. Were (verb) second person singular. Example: They were happy. 26. Conscience (noun) inner sense of right and wrong. Example: My conscience would bother me if I told a lie. 27. Conscious (adjective) aware of one’s own existence, thoughts, surroundings. Example: He was conscious during the operation. Grammar: How to Deal with Titles Titles of longer works are italicized, or printed in italics. Italics = underline When to use italics and underline: - Books, plays, book length poems - Newspapers, magazines, pamphlets - Movies and television series - Paintings, sculptures, CD titles, ballets, operas, musicals - Ships, aircraft, and space craft How to Deal with Titles When to use quotation marks: - Short stories - Essays - Short poems - Songs, articles - Chapters of books - Television episodes Capitalize the letter of the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title. Grammar: Apostrophes The apostrophe has three uses: 1. To form possessives of nouns 2. To show the omission of letters 3. To indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters Grammar: Apostrophes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. add 's to the singular form of the word (even if it ends in -s) Example: the owner's car add 's to the plural forms that do not end in –s Example: the children's game add ' to the end of plural nouns that end in –s Example: two cats' toys add 's to the end of compound words Example: my brother-in-law's money add 's to the last noun to show joint possession of an object Example: Todd and Anne's apartment Grammar: Apostrophes Showing omission of letters Apostrophes are used in contractions and show omissions of words. Example: don't = do not Forming plurals of lowercase letters Apostrophes are used to form plurals of letters that appear in lowercase Example: The 1960s were a time of great social unrest. The '60s were a time of great social unrest. Grammar: Apostrophes Don't use apostrophes for personal pronouns, the relative pronoun who, or for noun plurals. Example: INCORRECT: his' book CORRECT: his book Grammar: Parts of Speech Grammar: Introduction to Identifying Clauses Clause - a group of words with its own subject and verb. Two types: Independent and Dependent An independent clause is a complete sentence; it can stand alone. Example: I like to read British novels. A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it cannot stand alone. Example: Although they had the worst batting average in baseball, Grammar: Clauses Part 2 There are three main types of dependent clauses: relative (adjective), noun, adverb Relative clause (adjective) - an dependent clause that describes a noun. Look for three things: 1. Subject and Verb 2. Begins with a relative pronoun or adverb (Who, whom, whose, that, which = pronoun) (When, where, why = adverb) 3. Relative clauses will act as an adjective and tell information about a noun. Example: When we go to the store Grammar: Clauses Part 2 Noun clause – dependent clause that acts like a noun. 1. Begins with words such as: how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why 2. Noun clauses can act as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or objects of a preposition. Example: Do you know what the weather will be? Adverbial clause (adverb) – dependent clause that acts like a adverb. Look for these three things: 1. A subject and a verb 2. Subordinate conjunction that cannot stand alone 3. Adverb clause answers one of these questions: How, when, where, or why? Example: Before we go on vacation, we must make reservations. Grammar: Run ons and Fragments Fragment – a sentence that is missing either a subject or a verb. Example: Went to the store to buy brownie mix. (no subject) Brownie mix at the store expensive. (no verb) Run on sentence - two or more independent clauses are combined without correct punctuation. Example: The grocery store was really packed with people there must have been a big sale today.