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The Effects of Plate Movements Recall: Plate Tectonics These plates come together at ___________________and movement in 3 different directions can/will occur: 1. Convergent –crust is destroyed as ________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. Divergent –crust is generated as _________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. Transform –crust is neither produced or destroyed as ____________________ __________________________________________________________________ Convergent Plate –crust is destroyed The size of the Earth has not changed much in __________________________________ -Therefore, the crust must be destroyed at the same rate as created This destruction occurs along convergent boundaries where plates move closer together These collisions can occur between: 1. Ocean plates and continental plates 2. Ocean plates and ocean plates 3. Continental plates and continental plates Converging Plates • Occurs as ______________________________________________ • One plate goes beneath another at a _________________________ • Earthquakes are frequent here. • Volcanic _______________and __________________________ are also formed. Converging Plate Examples” 1. Marianas Trench – deepest trench in the world 2. Andes Mountains in South America 3. Tibetan Plateaus in Asia Divergent Plates –crust is produced Occurs along spreading centers where ________________________________________ What happens? _______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________ Diverging Plates • A plume of hot magma ________ from deep within the _________ pushing up the crust and causing pressure forcing the continent to break and separate. • Lava flows and earthquakes would be seen • When a divergence occurs within a continent it is called _________________ Under the Ocean • Divergence can also occur in the ocean • The sea floor in the Atlantic Ocean continues to spread • 17 square km of new plate (sea floor) is created every year • Therefore, the ______________________________________________ Transform –crust is neither produced nor destroyed • Occur along centres where plates are sliding _______________________ passed one another • Offset the active spreading (convergent) ridges • Produces a ________________________ like formation of the ridges • Most commonly found on the ocean floor • But very famous one found in California: _____________________________ Folding and Faulting • Location of some of the major faults on the Earth. • Note that many of these faults are in mountainous regions. Folding and Faulting • Folding - a _________________________ that results from a response to compressional forces. • Faulting - a __________________________ where there has been movement and displacement. Caused by a shifting or dislodging of the ____________________, in which adjacent surfaces are displaced. Earthquakes: • Occur when two plates that are locked suddenly rub passed each other • -release LARGE amounts of energy = shaking or trembling • The shaking or trembling __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ • Continuing adjustment of position results in _______________________________ - Each year, more than a million earthquakes occur worldwide • _________________ location inside Earth where earthquake begins • ___________________ point on Earth directly above focus most violent shaking Earthquake Effects: - Can cause damage to _________________________________, but can also cause __________________________________________ and if a large enough earthquake occurs under the ocean then you get a ….. Tsunami - A series of ______________________________ caused by the _____________________________________________________ - Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides and Underwater explosions can cause a tsunami and massive devastation like in ____________________________________________ Where Do Earthquakes Occur and How Often? ~80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt – most of these result from convergent margin activity – ~15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt – remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and on spreading ridge centers – more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to be felt are recorded each year Volcanoes: A volcano is a place on the earth’s surface where ____________________ _____________________________________________________________________ A volcano is an opening or rupture in a planet’s surface or crust. Volcanic activity involving the extrusion of rock tends to form mountains or what appears like a mountain over a period of time They are generally found where tectonic plates are either ________________ or _________________. They can also be found in places where the Earth’s crust is thinning or stretching away from plate boundaries (called ________________) On eruption, _______________ erupts through the earth’s surface called Lava. ________can be thick and slow moving or thin and fast moving. Rock also comes from volcanoes in other forms like ________ (powdered rock that looks like dark smoke from the volcano) and ______________ (bits of fragmented lava) The volcano releases __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________. Effects: - People killed and Animals killed - Hospitals become overloaded - Homes destroyed, Land destroyed - Millions of dollars spent in aid - Army bought in to assist - Towns evacuated