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Word a cappella a tempo accelerando accent accidentals al coda al fine al segno all’ ottava allargando articulation bar bar line beam beat brio cadence calore caesura cantabile capo chaconne chromatic scale clef coda come prima common time comp con concert pitch crescendo cut time da capo da capo al coda da capo al fine dal segno dal segno al coda dal sengo al fine REVIEW MATERIALS for Concert Band/Jazz Band Definition Without accompaniment Return to the original tempo Becoming gradually faster Emphasize the note Sharps, flats, double flats, double sharps, naturals used to raise, lower or return a note to its normal pitch To the coda To the end Go to the sign Play the selection up an octave 8va Becoming slower and broader The manner in which notes are performed A measure A vertical line that divides measures or bars The horizontal line that connects groups of eight notes, sixteenth notes, thirtysecond notes etc in place of flags Unit of measure in rhythmic time Vigor, spirit The melodic or harmonic ending of a phrase, section, movement or composition Passion, warmth A symbol // indicating a sudden pause in the music Song like or singing. May be seen as (cant./cantando/canta, etc) The head or beginning of a piece A continuous set of variations based on a repeating harmonic progression. It is very similar to a passacaglia A scale composed of all twelve half steps of an ocatve The symbol written at the beginning of a staff that indicates which notes are represented by which lines and spaces The end section or movement of a piece As before. In reference to tempo 4/4 meter. The time signature used is C Short for accompany With The sounding pitch of an instrument as opposed to a written pitch. Gradually becoming louder 2/2 time signature From the head or from the beginning. Go back to the beginning. DC Go back to the beginning of the piece and play to the "To Coda" indication, then skip to the Coda section. DC al Coda Go back to the beginning of the piece and play to the "Fine" which is the end of the piece. DC al Fine Go back and play from the sign. D.S Go back to the DS and play to the "To Coda" indication then skip to the Coda section DS al Coda Go back to the DS and play to the "Fine" section which is the end of the piece. DS al Fine deciso decrescendo diatonic diminuendo divisi dolce doloroso dot double bar double flat double sharp duple meter dynamic markings embouchure enharmonic ensemble entr'acte espressivo expression marks F Clef fermata flag flat frequency G Clef gavotte glissando grace note grand pause grand staff grandioso grazioso grosso guiro gusto harmony improvisation intermezzo interpretation interval intonation Decided, bold with decision To gradually get softer Notes found within a major or minor scale Gradually becoming softer Divided. Indicates that when two or more parts are written on one staff, they are to be played by separate performers Sweet Sorrowful, grieved A dot after a note adds ½ the note’s value to its duration. Two vertical lines drawn through the staff that indicate the end of a section The symbol that lowers the pitch of a note two half steps or one whole step The symbol that raises the pitch of a note two half steps or one whole step A time signature with two beats to the measure The symbols that indicate varying degrees of volume The position and shape of the mouth and lips of a wind player Two notes that sound the same but are spelled differently. Ex. Bb and A# A group of musicians playing together An instrumental piece performed between acts of a play, opera or ballet Expressive Words or symbols that indicate how a piece should be interpreted, ie. Articulations, dynamics, tempo, etc Bass clef A hold or pause sign that indicates a note should be held for longer then its normal duration A hook that, when placed on the stem of a note, indicates an eight note. Two flags indicate a sixteenth etc Lowers a note a half step The pitch of a sound determined by the number of vibrations per second that are created by a given tone Treble clef A French dance of the 17th century in duple meter that begins on the upbeat. Also a dance movement To slide from one note to another A small note played quickly before the beat A rest for all performers in an ensemble The combination of the bass and treble staves Grand, majestic grace Great, Large A percussion instrument consisting of a notched gourd which is scraped by a stick Style, zest The result produced when tones are sounded simultaneously Music that is created spontaneously A short lyrical piece either part of a larger work or as an independent composition Aspects of a performance that come from a performer rather than the composer The distance in pitch between two notes Playing or singing in tune with other performers intrada introduction jubiloso key key signature largamente largando ledger lines legato leggiero libretto ligature l'istesso lunga lyre major scale marcato marcia measure medley meno melody meter mezzo molto mosso motive moto music mute natural Niente nocturne note nuance ottava bassa passacaglia passage pesante phrase phrasing piú poco poco a poco primo pulse quadruple meter An introduction or opening movement A section at the beginning of a piece or movement that is preparatory. Often slow Jubilant The tonal center of the piece The group of flats or sharps at the beginning of a staff indicating the key Broadly, largely Gradually slowing down Short horizontal lines used to extend a staff either higher or lower To play or sing groups of notes smoothly and without separate attacks Light, delicate The words or text of an opera, oratorio or musical An adjustable band that holds a reed to the mouthpiece on clarinets and saxophones The same long An attachment to an instrument to hold music while marching A scaled made up of 2 whole steps, 1 half step, 3 whole steps and 1 half step. Accented, stressed. March The notes and rests between two bar lines An arrangement that links together two or more popular songs Less A succession of single notes The pattern of beats by which a piece of music is measured Half, moderately, medium Very Moved A short melodic or rhythmic figure that recurs throughout a composition Motion Organized sound A device added to an instrument to soften or muffle its tone The symbol that indicates a note is neither sharp or flat Nothing, silence A romantic piece in a melancholy mood The symbols used to notate music Subtle changes in musical expression including dynamic, phrasing and tempo Play the notes down and octave 8va bassa or 8vb A continuous set of variations based on a repeating bass line A section of a composition Heavy A complete musical idea The shaping of a melodic line More Little Little by little First A beat A time signature with four beats to the measure rallentando recessional resonance rest retardation rhythm rinforzando ritardando ritenuto rubato scherzo segue sempre Senza serenade serenata sharp simile slur soli sord sostenuto staccatissimo staccato Becoming gradually slower A piece played during an exit of individuals The transfer of vibrations from one object to another Silence and symbols that indicate silence Slowing gradually The organization of music in time using long and short notes 1. Stressed 2. Suddenly loud, abbreviated (rinf. / rf / rfz) Becoming gradually slower Held back, becoming slower immediately To perform with a free, flexible tempo, tastefully slowing down and speeding up at the discretion of the performer A movement of symphonies, sonatas and quartets in a quick triple meter To play the following movement or section without a break always Without A light vocal or instrumental composition A serenade A symbol that raises a note a half step # Continue to play in the same style A curved line above or below two or more notes that indicates they are to be played legato To play a solo in unison with others Mute Sustained As staccato as possible Short detached tacet tempo Be silent. Do not play the current movement The speed of a section of a composition or the speed of a complete composition tenuto To hold a note for its full value texture The instrumentation of a composition: light texture few instruments, heavy texture many instruments The main musical idea, usually a melody of a composition Curved line that joins two or more notes of the same pitch that lasts the duration of the combined notes Tone color or quality A sign placed after the clef and key signature at the beginning of a piece of music that indicates the meter of the piece A pitch To use the tongue to articulate on wind instruments To change a composition from one key to another A time signature with three beats to the measure Three notes played in the time of two notes of the same value 1. melody 2. To adjust the pitch of an instrument To match the pitch of an instrument to a standard pitch of another instrument All play. Usually placed at the end of an extended solo passage when the entire ensemble enters A little theme tie timbre time signature tone tonguing transpose triple meter triplet tune tuning tutti un poco unison vibration vibrato vivace volume Two or more performers sounding the same note or melody The rapid movement of an object that results in creating a tone A rapid fluctuation of pitch slightly higher or lower than the main pitch Play lively, quick The softness or loudness of sound pianississmio pianissimo piano mezzo piano mezzo forte forte fortissimo fortississimo Crescendo Decrescendo Diminuendo Dynamic Markings ppp pp p mp mf f ff fff dim. Very, very soft Very soft soft Moderately soft Moderately loud Loud Very Loud Very, Very Loud Gradually get louder Gradually get softer Gradually get softer Tempo Markings Largo Very slow and broad Larghetto Slightly faster than largo Adagio Faster than largo but slower than andante Lento Slow Andante A moderate graceful tempo Andantino Slightly faster than andante Moderato A moderate tempo Allegretto Slightly slower than allegro Allegro Fast Presto Very fast Prestissimo Extremely fast Note Relationships Rest Relationships Beats and Time: In each example below I have illustrated what each note’s duration would be in each time signature. A QUARTER NOTE IS NOT ALWAYS = TO ONE BEAT 1 2 N/A 4 N/A 8 N/A ½ 1 2 2 4 4 8 ¼ 1/2 1 1 2 2 4 1/8 1/4 1/2 1/2 1 1 2 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1 Counting in Time These notes are based on time for example purposes only. Refer to the above chart for exact notation in other time signatures. Note Value Counting Style 4 beats 1234 2 beats 12 1 beat 34 1 ½ beat 1 ¼ beat + 2 2 3 + 3 4 etc + 4 + 1 e + a 2 e + a 3 e + a 4 e + a Triplet 1 la le Dotted Rhythm 1(2) + = =1 2 la le (2) + 3 la 1(e+) a le = 4 la le 1 (e +) a Tempo and Time Each tempo is related into duration and actual real time. 60 beats per minute is the same as 60 seconds in a minute. Double that at 120 bpm and we have march tempo. That means every second 2 beats are played. Tempo Note Value Duration Real time 1 eight note would equal 120 bpm 1 quarter note would equal 60 bpm 1 half note would equal 30 bpm 1 eight note would equal 240 bpm 1 quarter would equal 120 bpm 1 half note would equal 60 bpm 1 eight note would equal 480 bpm 1 quarter note would equal 240 bpm 1 half note would equal 120 bpm 1 whole note would equal 60 bpm 2 eight notes per second 1 quarter note per second 1 half note per 2 seconds 4 eight notes per second 2 quarter notes per second 1 half note per second 8 sixteenth notes per second 4 quarter notes per second 2 half notes per second 1 whole note per second Relationship of notes in the staff The following picture shows the note to staff relationships in the treble and bass staves This is an atonal line of music generally used for non pitched percussion, ex. Snare drum The following is called the C Clef. The line that is in the center of the clef is always C. The following is called a multirest. A multirest occurs when more then one rest is combined for easier counting The following is called a measure repeat. Instead of writing the same measure over again many composers use the following to save time. The following are repeats. This tells the player to repeat a section or specific measure. , , , Work Identification Chart Name of the piece:__________________________________________________ Movements:1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________ Arranger/Composer:________________________________________________ Style:______________________________________________________________ Name of the piece:__________________________________________________ Movements:1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________ Arranger/Composer:________________________________________________ Style:______________________________________________________________ Name of the piece:__________________________________________________ Movements:1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________ Arranger/Composer:________________________________________________ Style:______________________________________________________________ Name of the piece:__________________________________________________ Movements:1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________ Arranger/Composer:________________________________________________ Style:______________________________________________________________ Name of the piece:__________________________________________________ Movements:1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________ Arranger/Composer:________________________________________________ Style:______________________________________________________________ Name of the piece:__________________________________________________ Movements:1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________ Arranger/Composer:________________________________________________ Style:______________________________________________________________ Name of the piece:__________________________________________________ Movements:1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________ Arranger/Composer:________________________________________________ Style:______________________________________________________________ Name of the piece:__________________________________________________ Movements:1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________ Arranger/Composer:________________________________________________ Style:______________________________________________________________