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CH. 5: ANCIENT ROME Roman Civilization Arises in Italy Italian peninsula is located in the Mediterranean Sea and Rome is in the center of Italy. Latins settled in villages along the Tiber River, which would eventually turn into Rome. Etruscans lived alongside the Romans. Used arches in construction Used engineering to drain marshy land Romans learned from Etruscan civilization In 509 B.C. Romans drove out their Etruscan king SECTION 1 The Roman Wo r l d T a k e s Shape The Romans Establish a Republic Romans establish a republic, a government in which people choose some officials. SECTION 1 Senate: Made laws and controlled the government Patricians were the 300 landowning members Consuls- 2 individuals chosen by the Senators to supervise the government and command the military Only allowed to serve 1 term in order to limit their power Dictator-Ruler with complete control was chosen for only a 6 month period during wartime The Roman Wo r l d T a k e s Shape The Romans Establish a Republic Plebeians Farmers, merchants, artisans, and the majority of the population. At first they had very few government rights Elected tribunes, officials to protect their interests Able to veto, or block, laws that were harmful to Plebeians SECTION 1 The Roman Wo r l d T a k e s Shape 450 B.C., The Laws of the 12 Tables Plebeians could now appeal a judgment handed down by a patrician judge Framers of the US Constitution adapted Roman ideas. Senate Veto Checks on political power Characterizing Roman Society Males were head of the household Women’s Role Able to own property Ran businesses Worked in the home Publicly they went out to dinner with their husbands or to the theatre Education Girls and boys from all social levels learned to read and write. Wealthy families hired private Greek tutors. Roman Mythology and Religion Believed in gods and goddess, similar to the Greeks Greek Roman Zeus Jupiter Hera Juno Poseidon Neptune SECTION 1 The Roman Wo r l d T a k e s Shape The Roman Republic Grows Roman Army Legion-Basic military unit of 5,000 men Good soldiers had loyalty, courage, and respect for authority Rewards and harsh punishment were typical Rome conquers lands Conquered people had to pay taxes and follow Roman leaders-some were granted citizenship . Because of this, many stayed loyal to Rome SECTION 1 The Roman Wo r l d T a k e s Shape Rome Grows Through Conquest Punic Wars Between Rome and Carthage, a city-state in Northern Africa First Punic War, Rome wins Won Corsica, Sicily, & Sardinia Second Punic War Carthage general Hannibal Surprised Romans by crossing the Pyrenees Lost 1/3 of his men For 15 years traveled through Italy winning battle after battle Failed to capture Rome Third Punic War (149-146BC) “Carthage must be destroyed” Rome destroyed Carthage Survivors were killed or sold into slavery Romans poured salt on the land so nothing would grow again Romans were now masters of the Mediterranean “The Carthaginians fought for their own preservation and the sovereignty of Africa, the Romans, for supremacy and world domination.” - A Greek witness to the fall of Carthage Bell ringer, 10/20 Explain the meaning of this quote in at least 3 full sentences. Imperialism- Establishing control over foreign lands and peoples Romans conquered Macedonia, Greece, parts of Egypt and Asia Minor Slave Labor 1/3 of the empire were slaves. They did public work projects and farming. Gap between rich and poor caused many issues Romans called Mediterranean, “Mare Nostrum” = “Our Sea” SECTION 2 F r o m R e p ub l ic to Empire Roman Republic Declines Series of Civil Wars Who would rule? Senate Popular political leaders Slave uprisings Legions had loyalty to their commanders first Rival commanders now had their own armies Julius Caesar For a time, Caesar & Pompey (another general) ruled 58 BC Conquered Gaul (France & Belgium) Pompey was concerned Caesar would become too powerful. He ordered him to return to Rome and disband the army Crossing the Rubicon SECTION 2 F r o m R e p ub l ic to Empire Roman Republic Declines Julius Caesar Crushed Pompey Went around Mediterranean suppressing rebellions Forced Senate to name him dictator 48-44 bc Gave land to poor, started programs for the unemployed Introduced the Julian calendarminor changes to it is what we use today . SECTION 2 F r o m R e p ub l ic to Empire “Veni, vidi, vici” Roman Republic Declines Enemies were worried They feared he would make himself king March of 44 bc Caesar was stabbed to death New round of Civil Wars 31 BC Mark Antony (general) and Octavian (nephew) joined together to punish the murderers Power struggle broke out Octavian eventually defeated Antony and Egypt’s Queen Cleopatra. The Age of the Roman Empire Dawns Augustus “Exatled One” was given to Octavian. 1 st Roman Emperor Stable Government Civil Service High level jobs were open to men in all classes Ordered a census, population count, to have records of people that would be taxed. Set up postal service Unemployed were given jobs building roads and temples 31 bc – 14 ad Pax Romana “Roman Peace” 200 years of peace, unity, and prosperity throughout the Roman empire. Augustus to Marcus Aurelius Entertainment Circus Maximus A racecourse where chariot races were held. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93walxW7mjQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaYffgD6nBA Bread & Circuses Romans Write Literature, History, and Philosophy Romans imitated and admired Greek culture Poets satirized, or made fun of Roman society Stoicism: Stressed the importance of duty and accepting one’s fate. Virgil’s Aenid: About a hero who escapes Troy & founds Rome Roman writers used Latin . Roman Art and Architecture Develops Architecture, Greeks focused on balance & harmony, Romans focused on Grandeur Big palaces and stadium, giant monuments Sculptors focused on realism, showing every aspect of the subject. Idealism, was showcasing a subject in a different way. Ex. Augustus was crafted as a powerful symbol even though in real life he was not an imposing figure. SECTION 3 The Roman A c hi e v e m e nt Art in Homes Mt. Vesuvius erupted in 79. I t buried the city of Pompeii. The ash preserved much of the city and we are now able to see how they lived. Romans Apply Science and Mathematics for Practical Use Engineers built roads, bridges, and aqueducts, that brought water from the hills to the city . New Law Codes Protect the Empire Roman laws would be the basis for other societies Laws fostered unity and stability Law Systems Civil Law-applied to all citizens Law of Nations-covered all citizens and non-citizens as other lands came under Roman rule SECTION 3 The Roman A c hi e v e m e nt Connections to Today Accused person was presumed innocent until proven guilty Accused could face the accuser and offer a defense against the charge against them Guilt has to be established with solid evidence Judges interpreted the law and should make fair decisions. However, penalties were dependent on social class. The lower class citizens were usually treated more harshly. SECTION 3 The Roman A c hi e v e m e nt The Roman Empire Divides At the end of Pax Romana, the next 100 years were economically tumultuous. Emperors were continually overthrown or assassinated. SECTION 5 The Long D e c l i ne Social Problems Pushed middle class into poverty High Taxes To support military Poor farmland Emperors were overthrown Emperors Diocletian divided the empire into two parts and appointed a co-emperor. He fixed prices to stop inflation Laws to force farmers to stay on the land Sons had to follow in their father’s footsteps 284 ad Emperors Constantine Talented general 313 ad 1 Granted tolerance to Christians Changed the capital to 2 Constantinople Connects Mediterranean to Black Sea Invaders Threaten the Roman Empire Huns, from Asia, traveled into Europe and fought battles SECTION 5 The Long D e c l i ne Romans were unable to fight off all invaders and the Romans surrendered first to Britain, France, and then Spain. Invaders Threaten the Roman Empire Attila the Hun Savagely attacked lands throughout Europe SECTION 5 The Long D e c l i ne Odacer a Germanic leader, overthrew the Roman emperor, and the “Fall of Rome” 476 ad occurred. Many Problems Cause Rome to Fall Invasions Military legions lacked the discipline early legions had. They were able to be defeated Hired mercenaries, these foreign paid soldiers had little loyalty to Rome Political Turmoil Corrupt officials Civil wars Economic Weakness High Taxes Farmers abandoned land and middle class sank into poverty Social Decay Patriotism began declining IS THE U.S. IN A SIMILAR FALL? High taxes High cost of defense Continuous wars New leaders draining economy Appease people to win favor Bread & Circus Inflation Great size became unmanageable Sense of exceptionalism Reliance on government help Loss of patriotism