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Plant Kingdom
Page 250
1. List 3 characteristics of plants: (pg. 250)
a) autotrophs
b) eukaryotes
c) have cell wall
2. What four things do plants need to survive on land besides having a way to
obtain water and other nutrients from their surroundings? (pg. 251)
retain water, transport materials, support their bodies, and reproduce.
3. What are the two major classifications of plants? Explain the major
differences between the two major classifications.(pg. 253)
vascular plants—grow tall, have thick cell wall, contain vascular tissue and
live in dry areas
nonvascular plants—short, have thin cell wall, do NOT contain vascular
tissue, and live in damp places
4. Name the two stages in the life cycle of plants. (pg. 254-255)
Complex life cycle contains two stages—sporophyte stage and the
gametophyte stage.
What is produced during the sporophyte stage?
spores
What is produced during the gametophyte stage?
gametes or sex cells (egg and sperm)
5. How do seedless vascular plants reproduce? (pg. 258)
These plants reproduce by producing spores instead of seeds.
In what stage of the plant’s life cycle are fronds? (pg. 259)
sporophyte
Characteristics of Seed Plants
Page 262
6. What are two important characteristics of seed plants? (pg. 262)
a) They contain vascular tissue.
b) They use pollen and seeds to reproduce.
7. What are the two types of vascular tissue and what is their function? (pg. 263)
a) phloem—food flows down
b) xylem—water and mineral move up
8. What is the function of pollen and seeds? (pg. 263)
a) pollen—structures that contain cells that later become sperm cells
b) seed—develops after sperm cells fertilize eggs; seed contains young plant
inside a protective covering which keeps the seed from drying out
9. How do seeds become new plants? (pg. 264)
If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out
of the seed and begins to grow.
See page. 264—Read about seed structure and review seed structure pictures
(figure 10)
10. How are seeds dispersed or spread? (pg. 265)
a) wind
b) water
c) animals/other organisms
11. What is germination?(pg. 266)
Germination begins when the seed absorbs water from the environment.
(begins to grow)
12. What is the purpose of roots? (pg. 266)
a) anchor the plant in the ground
b) absorb water and minerals from the soil
c) sometimes they store food
13. What is the function of stems? (pg. 268)
a) carries substances between the plant’s roots and leaves
b) provides support for the plant
c) holds up leaves so they are exposed to the sun
d) some even store food
14. What are annual rings? How formed? What do they tell? (pg. 269)
Annual rings are made of xylem. Xylem cells that form in the spring are large
and have thin walls because they grow rapidly. They produce a wide, light
brown ring. Xylem cells that grow in the summer grow slowly; therefore, they
are small and have thick walls. They produce a thin, dark ring. One pair of light
and dark rings represents one year’s growth. The annual rings can be counted
to determine a plant’s age. They can also provide information about weather
conditions, such as rainfall, during the plants lifetime.
Annual rings are made of xylem. The rings are formed based on the amount of
water taken in during the year. The rings tell the age of the tree.
15. What is the main function of leaves? (pg. 270)
Leaves capture the sun’s energy and carry out the food making process called
photosynthesis.
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Page 272
16. What is a gymnosperm? (pg. 272)
A gymnosperm is a seed plant that produces “naked” seeds. They are
considered “naked” because they are not enclosed by a protective fruit.
17. Which gymnosperm are you most familiar with? (pg. 273)
Conifers—pine trees
18. How do gymnosperms reproduce? (pg. 274—and figure 19 on pg. 275)
First, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. In time, a sperm cell
and an egg cell join together in an ovule on the female cone. After fertilization
occurs, the seed develops on the scale of the female cone.
pollination—fertilization—seed development—seed dispersal
19. What is an angiosperm? (pg. 276)
All angiosperms produce flowers, and all angiosperms produce seeds that are
enclosed in fruits.
20. Draw and label the structure of a flower. (pg. 277)
a) petals—most colorful part of the flower
b) stamen—male reproductive part that consists of the anther and filament
c) pistil—female reproductive part that consists of the stigma, style, and ovary
d) stigma—sticky portion of pistil to which pollen sticks
e) ovary—portion of pistil that protects the seed as it develops into a fruit
21. List the four stages of reproduction for an angiosperm. (pg. 278 and figure
23 on pg. 279)
First, pollen falls on a flower’s stigma. In time, the sperm cell and egg cell join
together in the flower’s ovule. The zygote develops into the embryo part of the
seed.
pollination—fertilization—fruit development—seed dispersal
22. What is tropism? (pg. 284)
tropism—a plant’s growth response towards or away from a stimulus
23. List the types of tropism. (pg. 284)
touch, light, and gravity
24. What are annual, biennials, and perennials? (pg. 287)
a) annuals—flowering plants that complete a life cycle within one growing
season
b) biennials—flowering plants that complete their life cycle in two years
c) perennials—flowering plants that live for more than two years