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Grammar 3: The Colon and the Semicolon The Colon is used as follows: 1. To introduce formal enumerations after such expressions as thus, as follows, these, and this. Example: He spoke as follows: “I positively deny that I am guilty.” (note: avoid colons after such as, like, or including.) 2. To introduce a list or a series. Example: The government of the United States has three branches: legislative, judiciary, and executive. 3. To introduce a formal quotation. Example: These are the words of the speaker: “Sink or swim; live or die.” 4. After formal salutations in letters. Example: Gentlemen: My dear Sir: Dear Madam: 5. Between hours and minutes when expressed in figures. Example: 6:30 p.m. 12:40 a.m. The Semicolon is used as follows: 1. To separate two independent clauses not joined by a simple coordinating conjunction. In this case, the semicolon is used in the manner of a period between sentences that are closely related. (note: A independent clause is a phrase that contains both a subject and a verb. Simple coordinating conjunctions are words like “and” “or” “but.”) Example: No one knew he was there; he came in by the back door. 2. A semicolon is used before a conjunctive adverb or transition joining two independent clauses. Some common conjunctive adverbs are as follows: accordingly, furthermore, moreover, similarly, also, hence, namely, still, anyway, however, nevertheless, then, besides, incidentally, next, thereafter, certainly, indeed, nonetheless, therefore, consequently, instead, now, thus, finally, likewise, otherwise, undoubtedly, further, meanwhile. Example: The runner slid into second base certain he was safe; however, the umpire called him out. 3. A semicolon is used between items in a series if one or more items contain internal punctuation. Example: The most common parts of speech are as follows: adjectives, which describe nouns; adverbs, which describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs; nouns, which are people, places and things; and verbs, which are action words. Examples: he gave us this advice never neglect your tasks you may wish to have some spare time tomorrow. He gave us this advice: “Never neglect your tasks; you may wish to have some spare time tomorrow.” i awoke at 6 30 this morning i arose at 7 45, said mildred. “I awoke at 6:30 this morning; I arose at 7:45,” said Mildred. he arose and made the following remark we must not be overconfident the other school has a good team. He arose and made the following remark: “We must not be overconfident; the other school has a good team.”