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The Renaissance in Italy What was the Renaissance? Time of creativity, rebirth and change in many areas (political, social, economic, and cultural) -Biggest change was the way people viewed themselves, and the world -People were interested in classical learning, especially the culture of Rome -Supported a feeling of adventure Italian Beginnings Renaissance began in Italy in the 1300's -Reached its height in the 1500's -Started in Italy because that's were Rome used to be -Italy's cities survived the Middle Ages -Wealthy and powerful merchant class In Italy Florence and the Medicis -Florence came to symbolize the Italian Renaissance -Produced many gifted poets, architects, scholars, and scientists like Athens -1400's, the Medici family of Florence organized a banking business -Business prospered, the family expanded into wool manufacturing, mining and other ventures -Best known of the Medici's was Lorenzo (the magnificent) -Held Florence together during difficult times -Was a generous patron (financial supporter of the arts Humanism -Intellectual movement based on the study of classical culture -Believed that education should stimulate a person's creative powers -Returned to learning the humanities -Subjects like grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric Petrarch (early renaissance humanist) -assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts -Brought old poems, and stories back to life -Wrote a book called sonnets to Laura Golden Age in the Arts -Renaissance reached its peak in the arts -expressions in paintings, sculptures, and architecture -Popes and other powerful leaders at the time supported the arts Renaissance Artists -Learned the technique of perspective -Art was realistic like the Romans -Used models to paint/draw Leonardo Da Vinci born 1452 -Painted the Mona Lisa -Made sketches of flying machines, and undersea boats before they were even thought of Michelangelo Many talents like Leonardo (sculptor, painter, etc..) Raphael -Painting blend Christian and classical styles -Best known works was the School of Athens Architecture Renaissance architects rejected the Gothic style -Instead adopted column, arches, and domes like the Greeks and Romans Writings Castilian's Ideal Courtier -wrote a book The Book of the Courtier -A courtier should be well-educated, well-mannered who was a master in many fields -Ideal man was athletic, but not overactive, plays a musical instrument and knows literature but is not arrogant -Ideal woman offers balance to the man. She is graceful kind and beautiful Chapter 14 section 2 The Renaissance Moves North Artists of the Northern Renaissance -Northern Renaissance began in Flanders in the 1400's A German Leonardo Albrecht Durer traveled to Italy in 1494 to study techniques of Italian artists -Durer helped to spread Italian Renaissance ideas to his homeland Flemish Painters Jan and Hubert van Eyck -Painted townspeople and religious scenes -Developed oil paint Peter Bruegel -Leading Flemish artist in the 1500's -Used vibrant colors to portray peasant life Northern Humanists -Stressed education and revival of classical learning like Italian humanists -Emphasized religious themes as well Erasmus -Dutch humanist -Used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament -Improved a Latin translation of the whole Bible -Called for reforms in the church Sir Thomas More -Used his pen to push for social and economic reform -In Utopia, he describes an ideal society -All are educated -Men and women live in peace Shakespeare -English poet and playwright -Wrote 37 plays -Enriched the English language Cervantes -Wrote Don Quixote -entertaining tale that mocks romantic notions of chivalry The Printing Revolution By the 1400's, German engravers developed movable type -Johann Gutenberg printed a complete Bible using movable type -Books were cheaper and easier to use -People gained access to a broad range of knowledge -Religion started to spread more because people could now read the Bible themselves Chapter 14 section 3 The Protestant Reformation Abuses in the Church -Popes competed with Italian princes for political power -Fought long wars to protect the Papal States against invasion -Lived a lavish lifestyle during the Renaissance -Lorenzo Medici's son Leo X was elected Pope, he said "God gave us the Papacy---Let us enjoy it!!" -Patrons of the arts To pay for such projects, (artwork) the church increased their prices for baptisms, and marriages -Promoted the sale of indulgences (pardon for sins committed in a person's lifetime) -Many people life Erasmus were against such practices Luther's Protest 1517, protest turned into a full scale riot -Man in charge of revolt was Martin Luther Martin Luther's life -Grew up in a middle-class family -Had a powerful religious experience as a child that changed his life -Knocked to the ground by lightning Attack on Indulgences -1517, a German priest named Johann Tetzel set up a pulpit on the outskirts of Wittenberg -Sold indulgences to any Christian that gave money to the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome -Said these indulgences will not only get you into Heaven, but all your dead relatives as well. Martin Luther drew up his 95 Theses (list of arguments against indulgences) -Said indulgences had no place in the Bible -Pope had no authority to release people from sin Martin Luther versus the Church -Luther's 95 Theses were copied and distributed around Europe -Stirred up a furious debate -Church tried to pursued Luther to Recant (give up his views) -1521, the Pope excommunicated Luther -Luther was viewed as an outlaw -Had many powerful supporters, that hid him -Thousands hailed him as a hero Luther's Teachings -Salvation could be achieved through faith alone -Declared Bible was the sole source of religious truth -Luther rejected the idea that the church had special powers -Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to Saints Spread of Lutheran Ideas -People who believed in Luther's teachings were called Protestant -Many clergy saw Luther's ideas as the answer to corruption in the Roman Catholic Church -Some Princes supported Luther b/c it was a way to throw off the church, and the Holy Roman emperor The Peasants' Revolt -Peasants hoped to gain Luther support for social and economic reforms -1524, a peasant revolt erupted in Germany -Peasants demanded an end to serfdom -As the revolt became more violent, Luther denounced it The Peace of Augsberg 1530's and 1540's Holy Roman Emperor Charles V tried to forced Lutherian Princes back into the Catholic Church -Had little success -Reached an agreement called The Peace of Augsberg -Allowed each prince to decide which religion (Catholic or Lutheran) would be followed in his lands -Most Northern sates chose Luther, Southern states remained Catholic John Calvin -Born in France and trained as a priest and a lawyer -Wrote a book called Institutes of the Christian Religion -set fourth his religious beliefs -Provided guidelines on how to start and run a Protestant church -Like Luther, believed salvation was achieved through faith alone -God was all powerful, and all people were sinners Calvin Preached predestination-Idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation -To Calvinists, the world was divided into two groups 1. Saints 2. Sinners Calvin's Geneva Set up a theocracy (Government run by church leaders) in Geneva, Switzerland -Calvinists stressed hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty and morality -Citizens faced harsh fines or harsh punishment for fighting, swearing, laughing in church, and dancing -Closed theaters, and was against elaborate dress -Many Protestants viewed his community as a model one Spread of Calvinism Reformers from all around the world visited Calvin's community and returned to their home and spread his teachings -Germany Calvinists faced opposition from Lutherans and Catholics (not accepted in some areas) Chapter 14 section 4 Reformation Ideas Spread Radical Reformers -Many radical sects started to spring up -Some groups rejected infant baptism (known as Anabaptists) -Some sought radical social and economic change -Some wanted to speed up God's judgement day (by violent means if necessary) -Many were peaceful -Called for separation of Church and State The English Reformation -King Henry VIII wanted to end papal control over the English church -Wanted a son, annulled his marriage (cancel) church does not allow divorce Break with Rome -Pope refused Henry's request -Henry was furious, stirred up English feelings against the Pope -Took over the English Church, through a series of laws -Act of Supremacy Made Henry "the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England" The Church of England -Between 1536-1540, Henry shut down all convents and monasteries in England (seized their lands) -When Henry died, his 10 year-old son Edward inherited the throne -Edward was dominated by Protestants that wanted Calvinist reforms -Violence occurred -When Edward died in his teens, his half sister Mary Tudor inherited the throne Elizabeth I Restores Unity to England -Posed a threat to the Catholic Queen Mary Tudor -Elizabeth was Protestant and Popular -Mary learned of a plot against her -Without any proof, she had Elizabeth Arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London The Rule of Queen Elizabeth -When Mary died, she inherited the throne -Drew up a policy of religious compromise -Made policies she felt both Catholics and Protestants could agree on -Monarch was still head of the Anglican church -Established England as a Protestant nation The Catholic Reformation -Leader of this movement was Pope Paul III -Set out to revive the moral authority of the Catholic church, and roll back Protestant influence -To end corruption in the Papacy itself, he appointed reformers to certain positions Council of Trent 1545 Purpose was to determine what course the Reformation should take -Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views -Declared that salvation comes from faith and good works -Said the Bible was not the only source of Religious truth -Established harsh penalties for corrupt clergymen -Created more schools The Inquisition -Church court set up to destroy heresies -Used secret testimony, torture, and execution to stamp out heresy -Compiled the list of forbidden books (books immoral) Luther and Calvin on this list The Society of Jesus (Jesuit order) -Determined to combat heresy and spread Catholic faith Widespread Persecution -Inquisition executed many heretics -Catholic mobs attacked and killed many Protestants -Protestants persecuted radical sects, and Catholic priests Witch Hunts -Those accused of being witches were usually women -Tens of thousands were executed (1450-1750) -Close link between magic and heresy -People became scapegoats Jews and the Reformation -Treated fairly well -Pressured to convert -1516, Jews in Venice had to live in a ghetto (separate quarter of the city) -Some were expelled from their land Chapter 14 section 5 The Scientific Revolution Changing Views of the World 1543, Polish Scholar Nicolaus Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres -Purposed a heliocentric (sun-centered model of the universe) -Most experts rejected this theory Tycho Brahe -Supported Copernicus's views -Danish astronomer -Set up an observatory -Studied the sky for years and recorded movement Galileo developed the telescope -Saw the moon, four moons on Jupiter (saw moons revolving around the moon) -Discoveries caused an uproar -Scholars attacked him b/c his discoveries conflicted with ancient views -Church condemned him b/c they taught that the heavens were fixed, unmoving and perfect 1633, Galileo was brought to trial before the inquisition -Offered a deal -agreed to publicly state that the Earth stood motionless at the center of the universe The New Scientific method -Early 1600's a new approach to Science emerged -Observation and experimentation (scientific method) Newton Ties It All Together Isaac Newton -By age 24 he developed a theory as to why planets move the way they do -A single force keeps the planets in their orbits called gravity -1687, Newton published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy -Linked physics and astronomy