Download Kingdom Eubacteria

Classification
Unity and Diversity of Life
Why Classify?
• Books in a library
• Food in a grocery store
You’ve been asked to organize these things into
categories that make sense. How would you
do it?
Classifying
• Sort things into a meaningful order
• Natural system
– Using important features
– Shared Characteristics – shared by all members of
the group
Birds – all have feathers, wings, beak
Reptiles – all have scales, cold blooded (exothermic)
Plants – vascular vs. nonvascular system
Why is it important for all scientists to
use the same system?
Certainty
• Makes it easier to document new species
when everyone uses the same scientific
information
• Makes certain scientists are discussing the
same organism
Explain how Earth’s biodiversity relates
to classification.
• Earth contains a great variety of organisms.
• Scientists have worked to identify
approximately 1.8 million species.
• There are many more species that remain
unidentified (estimated 10 -100 million total).
• Classification is used to organize diverse
species in a way that makes sense.
• Click HERE for a good intro to classification
video!
Aristotle’s Classification system
• 2400 years ago, Aristotle classified organisms
using two taxa, plant and animal.
• He then grouped them according to where
they lived; land, sea or air (Think analogous
traits).
• He grouped plants by their stems.
• Scientists quickly discovered that there were
many organisms that fell between Aristotle’s
groups. The system was inadequate.
The Linnaean System
• Carolus Linnaeus (1701-1778) – Swedish
botanist
• Binomial nomenclature
– 2 part scientific name; genus and species
• Organisms grouped according to form and
structure. Much more specific categories.
• Groups called taxa (singular: taxon)
• Science of naming groups is called taxonomy
8 Levels in Linnaeus’ system
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Domain – Most Broad (added later)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species – Most Specific
Binomial Nomenclature
• A system for naming things
• Same in all languages, indicates relationships
• Two words – genus and species, both are
italicized, underlined if written
• Genus is capitalized
• Example: Homo sapien, Escherichia coli
Taxonomy
• Scientists who classify things are called
taxonomists. It is their job to look at every
kind of living thing and determine how they
are alike and how they are different to other
living things.
Cladistics
• Method of classifying organisms into groups of
related organisms
• Clade: a group of related organisms with
shared derived traits
• Derived traits: “new” traits that related
species share through their immediate
ancestor
Cladogram
Three Domains
• Bacteria – Prokaryotic. Aligns with the
Kingdom Eubacteria
• Archaea – Prokaryotic. Aligns with the
Kingdom Archaebacteria.
• Eukarya – Consists of all the eukaryotic
organisms. Kingdoms in this domain are
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Six Kingdoms
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Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
How are organism placed
into their kingdoms?
• Cell type, complex or
simple
• Their ability to make
food
• The number of cells in
their body
Kingdom Eubacteria
• Eubacteria are single celled and prokaryotic.
Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA
kingdom. They are the kinds found
everywhere and are the ones people are most
familiar with.
• Most eubacteria are helpful. Some produce
vitamins and foods like yogurt. However,
some eubacteria, like Streptococci, can give
you strep throat!
Bacteria (Kingdom Eubacteria) are unicellular microorganisms that
have, despite their extremely small size, significant beneficial and
harmful effects on humans. This scanning electron micrograph shows
the bacteria known as Streptococcus pyogenes, which causes strep
throat, a common illness in humans.
Streptococcus pyogenes. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 9 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/106347/Bacteria-are-unicellular-microorganisms-that-havedespite-their-extremely-small>.
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• 1983 - scientists took samples from a spot deep
in the Pacific Ocean where hot gases and molten
rock boiled into the ocean from the Earth’s
interior. To their surprise they discovered
unicellular (one cell) organisms in the samples.
These organisms are today classified in the
kingdom, Archaebacteria.
• Archaebacteria are found in extreme
environments such as hot boiling water and
thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen
or highly acid or salty environments.
Archaea are found in a diverse range of extreme environments, including
the salt deposits on the shores of the Dead Sea.
Dead Sea: salt deposits. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 9 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/122136/Archaea-are-found-in-a-diverse-range-of-extremeenvironments>.
Kingdom Protista
• A diverse group of eukaryotes that are not
plants, fungi, or animalia.
• Unicellular or simple multicellular
• Heterotrophic and autotrophic
• Reproduce sexually or asexually
• Examples: Algae, Protozoa,
Slime molds
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls contain chitin (a carbohydrate)
• Decomposers – important in the recycling of
nutrients
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Examples: Yeast, molds, mushrooms
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
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Eukaryotic
Multi-cellular
Cell walls contain cellulose
Autotrophic, very few heterotrophic
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Examples: Ferns, grasses, trees, flowers.
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
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Eukaryotic
Multicellular and unicellular
Heterotrophic
No cell walls
Mostly sexual reproduction
Examples: jellyfish, coral, worms, insects,
mammals
Kingdom Animalia