Download A Beginner`s Guide to Fruit Tree, Fruiting Vine and Nut Tree

A Beginner’s Guide to Fruit Tree, Fruiting Vine and Nut Tree
Identification
Compiled by William Allison, Dec 2012
About this guide: This is designed to be a source for referencing information on
identifying several types of fruit and nut trees that are common and easily harvested in the City
of Portland. While there are many useful tools for identifying a tree, we have used a set of
characteristics to describe these trees and vines that should make it possible to identify a tree or
vine in any season; Description, Bark Appearance, Leaf Appearance, Twig Appearance, Leaf
Structure, Flowers/Bloom and, Fruit. This guide attempts to provide information about the trees
and vines mentioned that will be applicable in different seasons. As you attempt to identify a
tree or a vine, do not limit yourself to using only the characteristics described here, there are
many indicators. The twigs and the bark are the most useful indicators to become familiar with,
because they are present year round. In the spring and in the summer, the leaves, flowers and
fruits will be outstanding and readily observed indicators for most.
Throughout this guide, words that are highlighted (e.g. dioecious) can be found in the
glossary of terms.
Image: Texas Tree Trails
Image: Texas Tree Trails
Apple ‘Malus Domestica’
Common varieties include: Fuji, Gala, Golden Delicious,
Granny Smith, Gravenstein, Liberty, McIntosh, Pink Lady, Red Delicious
Description: Mature Size 15-25 ft high;
1-2 ft. diameter; generally poor (form),
with twisted trunks and low branching;
spur shoots are prominent. When unpruned, numerous sucker shoots form
along trunk and in crown.
Bark Appearance: Variable, generally
smooth when young, later thin and scaly.
Twig Appearance: Moderate in
thickness, brown to gray, rapid growth
usually gray hairy, generally many spur
shoots; buds plump ovate, gray hairy.
Image: Seiler, Jensen,
Niemiera, and Peterson. VT
Tree ID
Leaf Structure: Alternate, simple,
elliptical to ovate, 1 1/2 to 3 inches,
pinnately veined, finely serrated,
sometimes borne on spur shoots, green
above and paler, white pubescent below
and on the petiole.
Flowers/Blooms: Perfect, showy, may
be white to red in color, with 5 petals for
each flower; appear in the spring, usually
in umbels.
Fruit: Pomes of various sizes and color
(cultivar dependent) ranging from yellow
to red when ripe in the fall. 1
Image: Seiler, Jensen,
Niemiera, and Peterson. VT
Tree ID, Date?
Image: Seiler, Jensen,
Niemiera, and Peterson. VT
Tree ID
1. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID.
Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and
Environmental Conservation.
European Pear ‘Pyrus Communis’
Common varieties include: Bartlett, Bosc, Comice, D-Anjou, Red Bartlett
Description: Typically quite upright
and conical with very narrow branch
angles.
Bark Appearance: Gray-brown to
reddish brown, becoming grayish
brown with shallow furrows and flattopped scaly ridges.
Twig Appearance: Glossy brown to
reddish brown, medium in texture,
spur shoots present; terminal buds
are medium in size (less than 1/4
inch), conical to dome shaped, and
may be lightly hairy.
Leaf Structure: Alternate, simple,
ovate with a finely serrated margin, 1
to 4 inches in length, shiny green
above, paler and dull below.
(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Flowers/Blooms: Clusters of showy
white flowers (each 1/2 to 3/4 inch
across) appearing before or with the
leaves.
Fruit: A large edible pome (3 to 4
inches), pear-shaped.2
2. Peterson. VT Tree ID. Virginia Tech
Department of Forest Resources and
Environmental Conservation.
(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Asian Pear ‘Pyrus serotina, Pyrus Pyrofilia, Pyrus Calleryana’
Common varieties include: Hosui, Shinseiki, and Fujitsu
Description: The sand pear is larger than
most kinds of pear trees, reaching as high
as 40 ft (12 m), with a rounded crown
that may spread 20 feet (6 m) or more
across. 3 A small, erect, sometimes spiny
deciduous tree reaching 9-15 m in
height.4
(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Bark Appearance: see photo on right
(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Twig Appearance: see photo on right
Leaf Structure: see photo on right
Flowers/Blooms: The flowers are pure
white with crimson anthers, 3 to 3.5 m
centimeters (1.2 to 1.4 inches) in
diameter, and are borne in rounded
clusters on slender stalks 5
Fruit: The fruit is a pyriform to
subglobose pome, 2-3 cm in diameter in
wild forms and up to 15 cm in cultivars,
brown, reddish-brown or yellow in
colour. 5 Its hard, round fruits are 3 to 4
centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 inches) in
diameter, brown, and covered with pale
dots. The fruit has an extremely gritty
texture (hence its common name—sand
pear) and a puckery aftertaste when
bitten into. 6
Image: Forest and Kim Starr
(c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
3. Christman, Steve. Floridata Pyrus Pyrofilia.
4. Pyrus Pyrofilia,Ecocrop.org
5. Andris, Beutel, Day, Kozuki. Asian Pears.
6. Tredici, Del Peter. The Sand Pear Pyrus Pyrofilia
Persimmon ‘Diospyros kaki, Diaspyros Virginiana’
Common varieties include: Fuyu, Hachiya
Description: Deciduous, fruit bearing tree
native to Asia but common in North
America. Grows 35 – 60 feet tall 20 – 30
feet wide at the crown.
Bark Appearance: thick, dark gray to
black and distinctly divided into "blocks"
by deep furrows, often described as having
an appearance similar to the skin on an
alligator's back.
Twig Appearance: Slender, brown and
gray. Buds are slightly triangular with three
outer scales. Terminal buds are absent.
Flowers are dioecious. From the photo on
the right, we can see that the buds are
alternate.
Leaf Structure: Leaves have a smooth
margin and are ovate shaped.
Flowers/Blooms: dioecious (male and
female on separate trees), though some
mosaics are known. Female flowers are
bell-shaped, yellowish-green to creamy
white, fragrant. Male flowers are more
tubular and greenish-yellow.
Fruit: Fruit is a large, juicy berry. Large (12 inches) fleshy berry with several flattened
seeds. Unripe fruits are green, then yellow,
and mature to a deep purplish-orange. They
may have a reddish-to-purplish
blush. Fruits are high in tannins and
astringent when unripe, but maturing slowly
to lose the astringency. The calyx usually
remains with the fruit when it drops or is
picked. Fruit is persistent; sometimes well
into winter or lasting until spring. 7
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J.
Baskauf
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J.
Baskauf
7. Diaspyros Virginiana L. Botany.
Persimmon Pudding
Plum ‘Prunus salicina (Japanese), Prunus domestica (European), Prunus
insititia, Prunus Americana’
Common varieties include: Santa Rosa, Shiro, Wickson, Brooks, and Stanley, Damson
Description: Prunus americana
Marsh., American plum, is a deciduous
large shrub or small tree with a broad
crown, reaching heights up to 15 feet.
Bark Appearance: See Photo on the
right
Twig Appearance: The plant’s
numerous stems are grayish and
become scaly with age; its branches are
more or less spiny with sharp-tipped
twigs. The roots of American plum are
shallow, widely spreading, and readily
sprouting.
Image (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Leaf Structure: Leaves are alternate,
broadly oval in shape with a sharply
tapering tip, and sharply, often doubly
toothed edges; they are generally 2 to 4
inches long on slender stalks, dark
green above, pale and smooth below.
Flowers/Blooms: Flowers are white, 5petaled, about 1 inch across, and borne
singly or in clusters at the juncture of a
stem and leaf.
Fruit: Fruits are red to yellow, almost
globular edible plums about l inch in
diameter. 8
8. American Plum Plant Fact Sheet, USDA
NRC
http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pram.pd
f
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Quince ‘Cydonia oblonga’
Common varieties include: Orange, Pineapple, and Smyrna
Description: Cydonia oblonga is a monotypic
genus belonging to family Rosaceae, subfamily
Spiraeoideae, tribe Pyreae, and subtribe Pyrinae
(USDA 2009a). It grows as a multi-stemmed
shrub or small tree and has pubescent to
tomentose buds, petioles, leaves, and fruit. All
varieties are self-pollinating.9 As they mature,
trees take on an unusual gnarled form. Foliage is
deep green and pubescent underneath, turning
yellow in fall. Fruits are very fragrant and are
commonly used to make jelly.10
Bark Appearance:
Image: Joseph Postman
Twig Appearance:
Leaf Structure: Leaves are ovate to oblong,
about 2 inches (5 centimeters) across and 4
inches (10 centimeters) long
Flowers/Blooms: The solitary white flowers are
1½ to 2 inches (4 to 5 centimeters) across, have
5 petals, 20 or more stamens, 5 styles, an
inferior ovary with many ovules, and are borne
on current season growth. Bloom time overlaps
with that of apples, usually beginning mid April
in the central latitudes of the northern
hemisphere
Fruit: The fruit is a fragrant, many-seeded pome
about 3 inches (8 centimeters) in diameter.
Shape ranges from round to pear-like, flesh is
yellow, and the Baileys refer to it as “hard and
rather unpalatable” (Bailey and Bailey 1976;
Rehder 1986). Fruit size and leaf size of
cultivated varieties can be many times larger
than the wild type described above. 9
Image : Fruit Trees Direct
9. Postman, Joseph The Unappreciated Quince
10. Quinces, Cydonia Oblonga. Cornell University Dept. of
Horticulture
Cherry ‘Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus’
Common varieties include: Bing, Royal Ann, Stella, Lapins, Rainier
Form: A small to medium sized tree,
generally to 50 feet, with a broadly
rounded crown. 11
Leaf: Alternate, simple, 2 to 5 inches
long, oval to obovate, serrated margin
(slightly rounded teeth), obvious
darkened glands on petiole, generally
with more than 8 pairs of veins.
Flower: Showy, white, 1 inch across, 3
to 5 per cluster, appearing early spring.
Fruit: Sour Cherry: Sweet, dark red to
black, 1/2 to 1 inch across, may be
clustered on spur shoots; matures early
to mid summer.11
Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and
Peterson. VT Tree ID
Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and
Peterson. VT Tree ID
Sweet Cherry: Sweet, dark red to nearly
black drupe, 1/2 to 1 inch across, may
be clustered on spur shoots; matures
early to mid summer.12
Twig: Medium textured, gray-brown,
with a mild bitter almond taste; buds
large (up to 1/4 inch), reddish brown;
spur shoots present with multiple
terminal buds.
Bark: Gray-brown, smooth, with
prominent, long horizontal lenticels,
often peels.
11. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera and Peterson,
VT Tree ID, Sour Cherry Factsheet
12. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera and Peterson,
VT Tree ID, Sweet Cherry Factsheet
Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson.
VT Tree ID
Fig ‘Ficus carica’
Common varieties include: Brown Turkey, Desert King, and Stella
Description: A broadly spreading shrub or
small tree with a height of 25 feet and a
width greater than or equal to the height.
Bark Appearance: Smooth and silvery
gray, somewhat warty.
Twig Appearance: Stout, new growth may
be somewhat pubescent, leaf scars nearly
round, terminal bud conical, wrapped in a
single cap-like scale that leaves a bud scale
scar that nearly encircles the twig. Resting
buds apparently form after each leaf is
formed. On overwintering twigs, flower
buds are nearly round.
Leaf Structure: Alternate, simple,
deciduous; 5 inches in diameter, but
sometimes larger; palmately lobed with
(usually) 5 finger-like lobes, dark green
above and lighter green below, petiole
exudes a milky sap, somewhat scabrous,
margins entire and wavy.
Flowers/Blooms: Either male and female
or all female, flowers not showy, green,
fleshy and rounded, the actual flowers
minute, located on the inner surface of a
hollow receptacle.
Fruit: An edible fig; purple-brown, pearor onion-shaped, and somewhat leathery
when mature, succulent, 1 to 2 inches,
technically a multiple of tiny drupes;
produced in two distinct crops - an early
crop that arises from old wood and a late
summer crop that arises from new wood.13
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
13. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT
Tree ID – Common Fig Factsheet
Grape ‘Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis
rotundifolia”
Common varieties include: Flame, Concord
Description: High-climbing perennial liana.
Bark Appearance: The bark is distinctively
shredding and without lenticels; the pith is
brown and interrupted at nodes by a diaphragm.
Twig Appearance: See image on the left.
Leaf Structure: Leaves 10-20cm long and
broad, simple, alternate, orbicular to cordate,
variably toothed, and almost always 3-lobed.
Leaf lobes are typically shallow and more or
less forward-pointing.
Leaves are thick and display strong palmate
venation. Leaf undersides are permanently and
completely covered in brown pubescence (5, 6,
7, 10).
Flowers/Blooms: Flowers are borne in groups
of 20 or fewer on ovoid axillary panicles 4-8cm
long. Flowers are perigynous, 5-merous, green,
and incomplete: the calyx is essentially
missing. Stamens are 5, opposite the petals, and
can be elongate to short and erect to reflexed, if
the flower is sterile or fertile, respectively.
Pistils are rudimentary to well-developed
depending on fertility. The superior ovary is 2celled with 2 ovules per cell. Styles are short;
stigmas are 2-lobed (6, 7, 10). As an interesting
side note, grape floral characteristics are highly
conserved; vegetative characters are much more
useful in distinguishing between species, unlike
most other plants (5).
Fruit: The fruit is a dark red to black, sweet
berry 15-25mm in diameter. Fruits are
borne in axillary panicles (6, 7, 10). 14
14. Susu, Yuan. Plant Diversity Website.
University of Michigan
Image: Will Cook, Muscadine Grape, 2010
Image: © Les Mehrhoff, 2008-2010
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Hardy Kiwi ‘Actinidia arguta, Actinidia deliciosa, Actinidia kolomikta’
Common Varieties Include: Ananasnaja (Anna), Cordifolia, Issai
Description: Fast growing decidious,
twiny, vine. May require a support
structure to ensure continued growth.
Known to grow 25' to 30' but can grow
taller with proper support. Vine can grow
up to 20' in one season given the right
conditions.
Bark Appearance: Mature bark appears
gray and flaky
Twig Appearance: See photo on the
right.
Image: About-Garden.com
Leaf Structure: alternate, simple,
unlobed leaves with sharp serrations; 3"
to 5" long lustrous, unmarred dark green
color
Flowers/Blooms: whitish-green with
purple anthers; 0.80" across in clusters at
leaf axils, hidden by leaves. Fragrant.
June-July. Dioecious. 15, 16
Image: About-Garden.com
Fruit: The fruit are generally green,
fuzzless, and the size of grapes. Cut open,
they look much like regular kiwifruit with
its small black seeds, emerald green
color, and typical rayed pattern. Although
typically green in both the skin and flesh,
some cultivars have various amount of
red, either in the skin, flesh or both.
Hardy kiwifruits are generally sweeter
than regular kiwifruit. 2
15. NJ Invasive Species Strike Team, Hardy Kiwi
16. California Rare Fruit Growers, Hardy Kiwi
Image: About-Garden.com
Walnut ‘Juglans regia (English), Juglans Hindsii (Black)’
Common varieties include: Hartley, Scharsch Franquette, Placentia, Chandler,
Howard, Pedro, Tehama
Description/Form: Black walnut usually
matures in about 150 years. An average site
will produce mature black walnut trees which
are 70 to 80 feet in height and attain
diameters of 2 to 4 feet when grown in a
forest stand. On the best sites this tree may
reach up to 150 feet tall and over 8 feet in
diameter. When grown at low stocking or in
open fields, black walnut produces a short,
wide spreading crown. A deep, wide
spreading root system supports this large tree.
Leaf: The deciduous leaves are 1 to 2 feet
long, alternate, and compound. The 15 to 23
leaflets are stemless, unequally rounded, and
wider at the base than at the pointed tips.
Flower: Unisexual flowers emerge on black
walnut from mid-April to mid-June,
appearing with the leaves on a separate
inflorescence of the same tree.
Fruit: A globular fruit is produced which
contains a corrugated nut in its yellowishgreen husk. The nut is usually 1 1/2 to 2 1/2
inches in diameter, containing an oil-rich,
sweet, and edible seed. The large fruit ripens
between September and October. Upon
ripening the husk softens and turns dark
brown to black.
Twig: The brown to orange-brown twigs are
stout, with large, shield shaped, conspicuous
leaf scars.
Bark: Mature trees have a deeply furrowed
gray-brown to nearly black bark.17
17. Dickerson, John. Black Walnut Fact
Sheet
Image: Seiler, Jensen, Peterson,
Aust, et
al.
Image: Seiler, Jensen,
Peterson, Aust, et al.
Image: Seiler, Jensen, Peterson,
Aust, et al.
Pawpaw ‘Asimina triloba’
Common varieties include:
Description: Perennial tree or shrub that
grows from 3 to 12 meters tall.
Bark Appearance: See photo on the right
Twig Appearance: See photo on the right
Leaf Structure: The drooping, pear-shaped
leaves are alternate, from 10 to 30 cm long,
with smooth margins and pointed tips. The
leaves are coated with fine whitish hairs on
the upper surface with rusty-colored hairs
on the under-side. Leaves are aromatic, with
a smell reminiscent of bell pepper. The
deciduous leaves turn bright yellow before
dropping in the fall.
Flowers/Blooms: Inconspicuous but
interesting flowers (4 to 5cm in diameter)
with 3 sepals, are green upon opening and
turn to dark purple or maroon in color. From
1 to 4 flowers grow in the leaf axils before
leafing, usually in April or May. The six
velvety petals (2cm-2.5cm long) are stiff
and curl slightly backwards.
Fruit: Yellowish green to brown,
cylindrical, mango-shaped fruits are 7-16
cm long and grow solitarily or 2 to 4
together. The large fruits (5 to 16 ounces)
ripen between August and October. Fruits
have a thin skin, which contain a yellow
custard-like pulp that is said to taste like
papaya. Some varieties contain a whitishgreen pulp that is less flavorful. Fruits
contain several flat 2cm long seeds. 18
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
18. Immel, L. Diana. Paw Paw Fact Sheet
Images: USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office
illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural
Resources Conservation Service. Provided by NRCS
National Wetland Team, Fort Worth, TX.
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Chestnut ‘Castanea Dentata, Castanea Crenata, Castanea
Mollissima’
Common varieties include: American Chestnut, Chinese Chestnut
Description: A small tree with low
branching and a rounded crown,
reaching up to 40 feet tall.
Bark Appearance: Gray-brown to
brown, furrowed, but without
distinguishable patterns.
Twig Appearance: Moderately stout,
tan to olive-brown with prominent
lenticels, gray fuzzy; buds are graybrown and pubescent, offset from leaf
scar, covered with 2 to 3 overlapping
scales.
Leaf Structure Alternate, simple,
pinnately veined, oblong, 5 to 8 inches
long, coarsely serrated (but not as
strongly toothed as American
chestnut), shiny green above and paler
and fuzzy below.
Flowers/Blooms: Monoecious; male
flowers are small and white, borne in
long (4 to 5 inches) slender catkins;
female flowers are borne on short
aments, 1/2 to 3/4 inch long, appearing
in early summer. Males flowers are
strongly smelling.
Fruit: Large spiny (very sharp) bur 2
to 3 inches in diameter, each contains 2
to 3 edible nuts, 1 to 1 1/4 inches in
diameter, shiny brown, typically
flattened on 1 to 2 sides, ripen in late
summer.19
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
19. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID
– Chinese Chestnut Castanea mollisima Factsheet
Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf
Glossary of Terms
Spur: A short branch that is specialized for flower and fruit production on most fruit species.
(Ingels, 196)
The petiole: The stalk connecting a leaf to a stem. (Ingels, 195)
Internode: The portion of a stem between two nodes or buds. (Ingels, 194)
Node: The point on a shoot or branch where a leaf is attached and one of more buds arise on the
leaf Axil. (Ingels, 194)
Leaf axil: The angle formed by the petiole with the shoot (Ingels, 194)
Leaf Scar: After a leaf falls, a leaf scar remains on the twig at the point at which the leaf was
attached. Within each leaf scar there are one or more bundle scars, each representing a crosssection of vascular bundles that ran from the branch into the petiole when the leaf was attached.
(Fewless, Gary. Glossary of Terms Relevant to the Identification of Trees and Shrubs)
Stipule: Stipules are green, leaf-like, (often small) structures, attached to the twigs in pairs, one
at each side of the base of a petiole. In some species they may fall off early in the growing
season and in others they may persist essentially throughout the growing season. In either case
they leave behind distinctive, though often very small, stipule scars on the twig that may
provide important key characters. The shape of stipules may vary dramatically from one species
to the next. Some species do not produce stipules. (Fewless, Gary. Glossary of Terms Relevant to the Identification
of Trees and Shrubs)
Umbel: an inflorescence in which the pedicels (flower stalks) arise from a single point
Terminal Bud: A bud that develops at the tip of a shoot or branch when growth stops. (Ingels, 196)
Vegetative Bud: A bud that produces only a shoot with leaves. (Ingels, 196)
Syconium: A type of multiple fruit in which the flowers are borne inside of a balloon-like
receptacle (e.g., figs). (Ingels, 196)
Anther: The tip of the stamen (male flower part) that contains the pollen grains. (Ingels, 192)
Dioecious: Of plants, species that have male flowers on one plant and female flowers on
another, such as kiwifruit and pistachio. Compare to monoecious. (Ingels, 193)
Calyx: The usually green outer whorl of sepals of a flower. (Ingels, 192)
Lenticels: One of the small, corky pores or narrow lines on the surface of the stems of woody
plants that allow the interchange of gases between the interior tissue and the surrounding air.
Marginal: Pertaining to the edges of the leaf. (Ingels, 194)
Entire: Having a smooth margin
Sinuate: Having slight curves with smooth wave-like edges
Dentate: Having small teeth at the margin
Serrate: Having larger, bent teeth at the margin
Lobbed: Having several major projections from the center
Pinnate Venation: Veins extend from a midrib to the edge (elm, peach, apple, cherry). SOURCE:
CMG COLOSTATE.EDU
Palmate Venation: Veins radiate fan-shaped from the petiole (maple, grape). Source: CMG
COLOSTATE.EDU
Perigynous: A flower where the floral parts are inserted around the ovary. This is a special case
for flowers with a hypanthium [flower base to where stamens, sepals and petals are attached].
Technically, the ovary is superior for these flowers.
Tomentose: A covering of thick, wooly hairs
Pubescence: A covering of short, soft hairs
Drupe: Botanical name for a one-seeded fruit derived entirely from an overy with a stone
endocarp containing the seed. Stone fruit and almonds are drupes. (Ingels, 193)
Inflorescence: A cluster of flowers on a branch or on a system of branches.
Sepal: One of the outermost flower structures; usually encloses the outer flower parts in the
bud. Part of the Calyx. (Ingels, 195)
Monoecious: Of a plant, bearing both male and female flowers separately on the same plant, as
with walnuts, pecans, filberts and chestnuts. Compare with Dioecious. (Ingels, 194)
Liana: any long-stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil and climbs or twines around
other plants.
Recommended Articles
Catlin and Chapman. Growth Stages in Fruit Trees - From Dormant to Fruit Set. New York’s Food
and Life Sciences Bulletin. NO. 58 http://fls.cals.cornell.edu/OCRPDF/58a.pdf. Web Article
Sources
Almond Trees. Daviswiki.org. Nov. 25 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 < http://daviswiki.org/almond_trees>
American Plum Plant Fact Sheet. United States Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation
Service, 5 Feb. 2002. Web. 5 Dec 2012. < http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pram.pdf>
Andris, Beutel, Day, Kozuki. Asian Pears. University of California Fruit and Nut Research and Information
Center, 6 Feb. 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/dsadditions/_Asian_Pears/>
Baskauf, Steve. Bioimages. Vanderbilt University, 23 Nov. 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012
<http://bioimages.vanderbilt.edu/>
California Rare Fruit Growers Inc. Hardy KiwiFruit, Actinidia arguta. Web. 10 Dec. 2012 <
http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/hardy-kiwifruit.html >
Cook, Will. Muscadine Grape (Vitis Rotoundifolia). Will Cook, 26 Mar. 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. <
http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/viro.html >
Christman, Steve. Pyrus Pyrofilia. Floridata.com, 18 Mar. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. <
http://www.floridata.com/ref/p/pyrus_pyrifolia.cfm>
Diaspyros Virginiana L. Botany. Persimmon Pudding. Web 5 Dec 2012. <
PersimmonPudding.com/Botany.html >
Dickerson, John. Black Walnut Fact Sheet – Juglans Nigra. USDA NRCS New York State Office, Syracuse,
New York, 5 Feb. 2002. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 < http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf >
Fewless, Gary. Glossary of terms relevant to the identification of trees and shrubs. Cofrin Center for
Biodiversity, University of Wisconsin Green Bay. Web. 10 Dec. 2012 <
http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/trees/glossary_for_trees01.htm>
Fruit Trees Direct, http://www.fruittreesdirect.co.uk/fruit-trees-c1/quince-trees-c37/vranja-quince-treep201. Web. 14 Dec. 2012
Ingels, Geisel and Norton. The Home Orchard – Growing your own deciduous fruit and nut trees.
University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2007. Print Edition
Immel, Diana L. Paw Paw Plant Guide. United States Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation
Service, 21 May 2001. Web 5 Dec 2012. < http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_astr.pdf>
Mehrhoff, Lez. Vitis Labrusca. DiscoverLife.org, 6 Dec. 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 <
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