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ASPICE CAUDAM
Look at the tail!
BASIC ENDINGS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-t
- nt
- am
- em
- um
- ās
- ōs
- ēs
- us
- is
• - ibus
• - tis
(he/she/it) + verb
(they) + verb
object (or `I’ on verb)
object (or `I’ on verb)
object (or `of’ + plural noun, or neuter subj.)
plr. obj. (or `thou’ on verb or (with short vowel) singular subject)
plr. obj.
plr. subj. or plr. obj. (or `thou’ on verb)
subject (or (with long vowel) of + noun, plr. sbj. or plr. obj.)
long vowel:(to/for/by/with) plr noun or thou + verb
or (short vowel) of + noun (or sing. subject) (or thou + verb)
(to/for/by/with) + plr noun
you (plr) + verb
BASIC ENDINGS (contd.)
• -a
sg. sbj.(a, ae nouns), pl. sbj./obj (neuters) or, with long
vowel, (by/with) noun or order to one person
of + noun, to/for + noun, pl. sbj
(to/for/by/with) + noun or `I’ on verb
(to/for/by/with) + noun, of + noun, or pl sbj.
• - ae
• -ō
• -ī
or `I‘ on verb (perfect tense) or order to one person
• -e
•
•
•
•
•
•
(by/with) + noun or (long vowel) adverb
(or neuter subject/object or (-āre/-īre/-ēre) infinitive or address or order to one person (-te for plural)
- mus
- tur
- ntur
- or
- mur
- e/i/aris
`we’ on verb
(he/she/it) + passive verb
(they) + passive verb
sbj. or `I’ + passive verb
we + passive verb
thou + passive verb
DICTIONARY ENTRIES FOR NOUNS
• The dictionary gives the subject (nominative)
and possessive (genitive) forms plus the gender
• In word lists, however, sometimes only the
subject form of first and second declension
nouns is given because the possessive form,
and also the gender, can be predicted from the
nominative ending:
– a > possessive in –ae, feminine (except occupational
nouns, e.g. agricola )
– us > possessive in –ī, masculine
– um > possessive in –ī, neuter
DICTIONARY ENTRIES FOR VERBS
• The dictionary entry for a verb will give you
the following information:
• - I-form of Present tense
• - Infinitive (from which the other forms of the Present
and also the Imperfect and Future are formed)
• - I-form of Perfect (from which the other forms of the
Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect are formed)
• - Past Participle (from which the Passive Perfect, Past
Perfect and Future Perfect are formed)
EXAMPLES OF DICTIONARY ENTRIES
amō
moneō
videō
vincō
audiō
capiō
-āre
-ēre
-ēre
-ere
-īre
-ere
-āvi
-uī
vīdī
vīcī
-īvī
cēpi
-ātum
-itum
vīsum
victum
-ītum
captum
love
warn
see
conquer
hear, listen
capture
Notice that to save space, the dictionary does not
repeat the letters before the ending if they do not
change in the other parts of the verb.
VERB SIGNATURE VOWELS
(long vowels are shortened before nt and final t and final m and
before other vowels)
•
•
•
ā
–
–
–
–
ē
–
–
–
–
present tense for –āre verbs (1st group)
subjunctive for other types of verb
imperfect for all verbs (-bam, -bās, -bat etc.)
past perfect tense (-eram, -erās, -erat etc.)
present tense for – eō verbs (2nd. Group)
future tense for – ere and – iō verbs
subjunctive for –āre verbs
imperfect subjunctive for all verbs (-rem, -rēs, -ret etc.)
ī/i/(i)u
– present tense for 3rd, 4th and mixed groups
– future tense for –āre and – eō verbs (-bō, -bis, -bit etc.)
– perfect tense ((ī-, -istī, -it, -imus, -istīs, etc.)
VERB GROUPS (CONJUGATIONS)
• 1st (amō, amāre)
– Signature vowel is ā but this is dropped before ō
– Perfect and past participle add vī and tum to the stem
• 2nd (habeō, habēre)
– Signature vowel is ē
– Perfect and past participle often drop the ē and add uī and tum
• 3rd (regō, -ere)
– Stem ends in a consonant but i is added before most endings beginning
with a consonant (but u before `nt, e before re and ris and the b of
imperfect endings)
– Stem often changes before perfect endings and tum of past participle
• 4th (audiō, audīre)
– Stem ends in ī but u is added between this and nt
– Perfect and past participle add vī and tum to the stem
• Mixed (capiō, capere)
– Endings in present, imperfect and future are like the fourth group except
that i is always short
– Infinitive, perfect and past participle formed in similar way to 3rd group
-t
• 3rd. Person singular (he/she/it ______)
•
•
•
•
amat
videt
agricola labōrat
rex amīcōs dūcit
-t
• 3rd. Person singular (he/she/it ______)
•
•
•
•
amat
videt
agricola labōrat
rex amīcōs dūcit
he/she/it loves
he/she/it sees
the farmer works
the king leads his friends
-nt
• 3rd. Person plural (they______)
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•
•
•
cōgitant
laudant
poētae portam vident
puellae rosās amant
-nt
• 3rd. Person plural (they______)
•
•
•
•
cōgitant
laudant
poētae portam vident
puellae rosās amant
they think
they praise
poets see the door
girls love roses
-am
• accusative singular (usually on feminine
nouns and adjectives)
• 1st person singular (imperfect of all verbs, future and
subjunctive of 3rd, 4th conjugations)
• puellam amat
• puerī agricolam
cōnservant
• ancillam amābam
• puellae nautām
vident
-am
• accusative singular (usually on feminine
nouns and adjectives)
• 1st person singular (imperfect of all verbs, future and
subjunctive of 3rd, 4th conjugations)
• puellam amat
• puerī agricolam
cōnservant
• ancillam amābam
• puellae nautām
vident
he/she loves the girl
the boys save the farmer
I used to love the maid
the girls see the farmer
-um
• accusative singular (on 2nd. Decl.masculine and
neuter nouns and adjectives)
• nominative singular (on 2nd. Decl. neuter nouns
and adjectives)
genitive plural (1st decl. ārum, 2nd. decl. ōrum)
•
•
•
•
templum deōrum vidēmus
puerī deum laudant
servum bonum amābō
ōtium animum cōnservat
-um
• accusative singular (on 2nd. Decl.masculine and
neuter nouns and adjectives)
• nominative singular (on 2nd. Decl. neuter nouns
and adjectives)
genitive plural – (1st decl. ārum, 2nd. decl. ōrum)
• templum deōrum vidēmus
• puerī deum laudant
• servum bonum amābō
• ōtium animum cōnservat
we see the temple of the
gods
the boys praise the god
I will love the good slave
leisure preserves the
soul
-ās
• accusative plural (on 1st declension nouns and
feminine adjective)
• you (sing.) on a verb (on 1st. conj. present tense,
imperfect of all verbs, subjunctive of conj. 2, 3 & 4)
•
•
•
•
ancillās poētae vocat
saepe errās
fēminās avarās monēmus
dominō rosās dabant
-ās
• accusative plural (on 1st declension nouns and
feminine adjective)
• you (sing.) on a verb (on 1st. conj. present tense,
imperfect of all verbs, subjunctive of conj. 2, 3 & 4)
•
•
•
•
ancillās poētae vocat
saepe errās
fēminās avarās monēmus
dominō rosās dabant
he calls the poet’s slaves
you are often wrong
we warn greedy women
they were giving roses
to the master
-ōs
• accusative plural (on 2nd declension nouns)
•
•
•
•
Rōmānōs vidēbis
animōs amīcī semper laudō
puerōs avārōs nōn amāmus
amīcīs servōs datis
-ōs
• accusative plural (on 2nd declension nouns)
• Rōmānōs vidēbis
• animōs amīcī semper laudō
• puerōs avārōs nōn amāmus
• amīcīs servōs datis
you will see the Romans
I always praise my
friends high spirits
we not like greedy boys
you give the slaves to
your friends
-ēs
• Nominative and accusative plural (on 3rd & 4th declension
nouns)
• You (sg.) on a verb (on 2nd conj. present tense, 1st
conj. present subjunctive, 3rd/4th conj. future)
• Nominative singular (4th declension)
•
•
•
•
fīlium servāre debēs
multōs populōs monēs
quid habēs
si valēs, valeō
you should praise your son
you advise many peoples
what do you have?
If you’re well, I’m well
-ēs
• Nominative and accusative plural (on 3rd & 4th declension
nouns)
• You (sg.) on a verb (on 2nd conj. present tense, 1st
conj. present subjunctive, 3rd/4th conj. future)
• Nominative singular (4th declension)
•
•
•
•
fīlium servāre debēs
multōs populōs monēs
quid habēs
si valēs, valeō
you should save your son
you advise many peoples
what do you have?
If you’re well, I’m well
-us/-ūs
• [SHORT] Nominative singular (2nd & 4th declension
nouns and adjectives)
• [LONG] Nominative & accusative plural (4th declension
nouns)
• [LONG] Genitive singular (4th declension nouns)
• dominus servōs terret
• stultus poenās saepe dat
• Marcus est puer Rōmānus
• amīcus meus amīcam habet
-us/-ūs
• [SHORT] Nominative singular (2nd & 4th declension
nouns and adjectives)
• [LONG] Nominative & accusative plural (4th declension
nouns)
• [LONG] Genitive singular (4th declension nouns)
• dominus servōs terret
• stultus poenās saepe dat
• Marcus est puer Rōmānus
• amīcus meus amīcam habet
the master frightens the
servants
a fool often pays the
penalty
Marcus is a Roman boy
My friend has a girl-friend
-is/-īs
• [SHORT] Genitive singular (all 3rd declension nouns and
adjectives)
• [SHORT] Nominative singular (some 3rd declension nouns
and adjectives)
• [LONG] Dative and ablative plural (1st & 2nd decl. nouns
and adjectives)
• You (sing.) on verbs (SHORT: 3rd conj. Present, 1st. &
2nd. Conj. Future; LONG: 4th conj. Present)
• puellās in agrīs vidēbis
• poētīs pecūniam semper dat
• dē fēminīs cōgitant
• in meō agrō manēbis
-is/-īs
• [SHORT] Genitive singular (all 3rd declension nouns and
adjectives)
• [SHORT] Nominative singular (some 3rd declension nouns
and adjectives)
• [LONG] Dative and ablative plural (1st & 2nd decl. nouns
and adjectives)
• You (sing.) on verbs (SHORT: 3rd conj. Present, 1st. &
2nd. Conj. Future; LONG: 4th conj. Present)
• puellās in agrīs vidēbis
• poētīs pecūniam semper dat
• dē fēminīs cōgitant
• in meō agrō manēbis
you’ll see the girls in the
fields
he always gives money to
poets
they are thinking about
women
my friend has a girl-friend
-bus
• Dative and ablative plural:
– ibus (all 3rd and 4th declension nouns and adjectives)
– ābus (with 2nd. declension nouns fīlia and dea to
distinguish them from fīlius and deus)
– ēbus (5th declension nouns)
• deīs et deābus dōna dant
• Anna cum filiābus manet
• deī filiābus fortūnam dabant
• cum deābus sumus
-bus
• Dative and ablative plural:
– ibus (all 3rd and 4th declension nouns and adjectives)
– ābus (with 2nd. declension nouns fīlia and dea to
distinguish them from fīlius and deus)
– ēbus (5th declension nouns)
• deīs et deābus dōna dant
• Anna cum filiābus manet
• deī filiābus fortūnam dabant
• cum deābus sumus
they give gifts to the gods
and goddesses
Anna stays with her
daughters
the gods will give luck to
the daughters
we are with the goddesses
-a/-ā
• [SHORT] Nominative and accusative plural (on ALL NEUTER
nouns)
• [SHORT] Nominative singular, first declension
• [LONG] Ablative singular, first declension
•
•
•
•
bella timeō
agricola in agrīs labōrat
in īnsulā sumus
in aquā sunt multa perīcula
-a/-ā
• [SHORT] Nominative and accusative plural (on ALL NEUTER
nouns)
• [SHORT] Nominative singular, first declension
• [LONG] Ablative singular, first declension
•
•
•
•
bella timeō
agricola in agrīs labōrat
in īnsulā sumus
in aquā sunt multa perīcula
I fear wars
the farmer works in the fields
we’re on the island
there are many dangers in the
water
-ae
• Nominative plural (1st declension nouns and adjectives)
• Genitive and dative singular (1st declension)
•
•
•
•
puellae puerō dōna dant
nōmen fīliae meae est Ianeta
Ovidiī sunt multae amīcae
sapientiam magistrae laudāmus
-ae
• Nominative plural (1st declension nouns and adjectives)
• Genitive and dative singular (1st declension)
•
•
•
•
puellae puerō dōna dant
nōmen fīliae meae est Ianeta
Ovidiī sunt multae amīcae
sapientiam magistrae laudāmus
the girls give gifts to the boy
my daughter’s name is Janet
Ovid has many girlfriends
we praise the teacher’s
wisdom
-ō
• 1st person singular (present of all verbs, future of 1st,
2nd conjugations)
• dative and ablative singular (2nd declension)
• puella cum puerō manet
• ancilla dominō vīnum dat
• amīcam Marcī laudō
• rosās deō dabō
-ō
• 1st person singular (present of all verbs, future of 1st,
2nd conjugations)
• dative and ablative singular (2nd declension)
• puella cum puerō manet
• ancilla dominō vīnum dat
• amīcam Marcī laudō
• rosās deō dabō
the girl stays with the boy
the maid gives the master
wine
I praise Marcus’s girlfriend
I’ll give roses to the god
-ī
• nominative plural (2nd declension masc. nouns and
adjectives)
• genitive singular (2nd declension nouns and masc.
and neuter adjectives – remember genitives
normally follow the noun they qualify!)
• Ist person singular (perfect of all verbs)
• passive infinitives
• agricolae sunt bonī
• amīcī fīliī meī sapientiam amant
• servī dōna dominī laudant
• puerī oculōs bonōs habent
-ī
• nominative plural (2nd declension masc. nouns and
adjectives)
• genitive singular (2nd declension nouns and masc.
and neuter adjectives – remember genitives
normally follow the noun they qualify!)
• Ist person singular (perfect of all verbs)
• passive infinitives
• agricolae sunt bonī
the farmers are good
• amīcī fīliī meī sapientiam amant the friends of my son love
wisdom
• servī dōna dominī laudant
the slaves praise the
master’s gifts
• puerī oculōs bonōs habent
the boys have good eyes
-ā/-ē + b + ō/i-/u• future tense (1st and 2nd conjugation)
• templum cōnservābimus
• Marcus dōnum amābit
• puellae poenās dabunt
• cum dominō nōn manēbō
-ā/-ē + b + ō/i-/u• future tense (1st and 2nd conjugation)
•
•
•
•
templum cōnservābimus
Marcus dōnum amābit
puellae poenās dabunt
cum dominō nōn manēbō
we will save the temple
Marcus will love the gift
the girls will pay the penalty
I will not stay with the master
-ā/-ē + b + a• imperfect tense (all verbs)
•
•
•
•
cum magistrō errābātis
puellae sapientiam laudābant
in Britanniā labōrābam
servus dē ancillā cōgitābat
-ā/-ē + b + a• imperfect tense (all verbs)
you were wandering with the
teacher
• puellae sapientiam laudābant the girls were praising wisdom
• in Britanniā labōrābam
I was working in Britain
• servus dē ancillā cōgitābat
the slave was thinking about
the maid
• cum magistrō errābātis