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Noun’s & Noun Phrases What are nouns? Lexical Category who’s members: -Have two inflectional markings one for number and one for possession -Utilize certain characteristic derivational affixes (-er ,-ment ,-ion) -Function as a person, place thing, or idea. How is a number indicated? Singular None Plural (1) –s or –es Cat-Cats Box-Boxes (2) Change of vowel sound (3) No Change (zeroing) foot-feet Deer-Deer man-men Fish-Fish (4) Affixing with –n Child-Children Ox-Oxen (5) Foreign (Latin, Greek) Regular Nouns: Boy’s Cat’s Judge’s Smiths’ Boys’ Irregular Nouns Men’s Man’s Child’s Children’s Charles’s Common Noun: Written in lower case, refer to general categories Examples: girl, teacher, ball Proper Noun: Written in capital Letters, designate a specific noun Ex: California, Mary Examples Alumnus-Alumni Formula-formulae Noun’s & Noun Phrases Concrete: Words that can be visualized Table, chair, Flag Abstract: Ideas or concepts with no clear visual image associated with them Sincerity, foolhardiness, love Animate: Humans & Animals Nonhuman= It, Human=HE/SHE Inanimate Things Count Nouns: Have Plural Beans Singular Bean is good for you A/An A Bean Quantities: (Too) many beans (Too) few means More beans Fewer beans Noun’s & Noun Phrases Mass/Non count No Plural Rices Not Singular Rice is good for you No A/An A Rice Quantities: More Rice Less Rice (Too) much rice (Too) Less Rice What is a Noun Phrase? A grouping called noun phrases, these components make up the determiner system. Noun Phrase Formula Pre-Determiner + Determiner + Post Determiner + Noun= Noun Phrase Only required element is the noun itself (Head)! Determiners: Articles Definite: The / Indef: A, an, Plural: Some Demonstrative Close to speaker: This, These Distance from speaker: That, Those Possessive Plural: Our, Your, Their Singular: my, your, his, her, its Possessive NP Any Noun singular or plural inflicted for poses Quantities Many, Several, few, any, some, no two, enough, little, much, any, some, no With count nouns with mass count Pre-Determiners: All, Half, Both May be followed my preposition “of” What and such are also considered predeterminers but use is restricted to indefinite article determiner. Noun’s & Noun Phrases Post determiner COD Cardinal (one, two, three) Ordinal (First, Second, third) Indefinite (Several, many, few) Vocatives: Noun phrase which is broken discontinuous Example: Several Accidents have been reported involving passengers falling from trains. Several accidents involving passengers failing from trains have been reported. Noun Phrase Determiner: Noun The Ground is wet Determiner + Predeterminer + Noun She is such a liar Determiner + Post determiner+ Noun Her many friends came to the party Predeterminer+ Determiner + Postdeterminer+ Noun All John’s many relatives live in that house Noun’s & Noun Phrases Subject: Is the subject of a noun phrase? Examples: Mary left early, the house was built by the contractor, this old house is a mess Doer Not the Doer No Doer Almost always the first noun phrase that precedes the verb! Dummy/Placeholder/Exppletive: Word like it In it is raining Expletive fills the place of the subject, although it may not be a subject. Direct Object: Answers what and who (m) Example: The Girl hit the ball The clown entertained his children. The ball was thrown by the pitcher Indirect Object: To what (whom)/ for what (Whom) about the verb Ex Jimmy gave an apple to the teacher S D.O I.O Often proceed words to and for Indirect object inversion. Removing to and “for” and flipping I.O and D. O Jimmy gave an apple to the teacher Jimmy gave the teacher an apple Noun’s & Noun Phrases Object of a Preposition Prepositions indicating location, direction, accompaniment and purpose Prepositions link with a noun phrase to form a prepositional phrase. Examples: (Location) In the barn (Direction) Toward the barn (Accompaniment) With an escort (Purpose) for a good reason Complements: A noun phrase that describes another non phrase to rest of sentence Examples: Jane saw the president D.O Jane was the president S.C. Verbal Nouns: Built from verbs, but may exhibit properties of nouns. Gerunds: -ing, laughing, coughing, playing They can be head of noun phrases with many usual modifies that occur in nouns. Example his lauhing annoyed her/ all that coughing is disturbing the musicians. Infinitives: Words with “to” in front of them Examples to talk, to love, to run When they are heads of nouns it is called an infinitival phrase To give up now would be foolish To love would be dumb Noun’s & Noun Phrases