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Noun’s & Noun Phrases
What are nouns?
Lexical Category who’s members:
-Have two inflectional markings one for number and one for possession
-Utilize certain characteristic derivational affixes (-er ,-ment ,-ion)
-Function as a person, place thing, or idea.
How is a number indicated?
Singular
None
Plural
(1) –s or –es
Cat-Cats
Box-Boxes
(2) Change of vowel sound
(3) No Change (zeroing)
foot-feet
Deer-Deer
man-men
Fish-Fish
(4) Affixing with –n
Child-Children Ox-Oxen
(5) Foreign (Latin, Greek)
Regular Nouns:
Boy’s Cat’s Judge’s Smiths’ Boys’
Irregular Nouns
Men’s Man’s Child’s Children’s Charles’s
Common Noun:
Written in lower case, refer to general categories
Examples: girl, teacher, ball
Proper Noun:
Written in capital Letters, designate a specific noun
Ex: California, Mary
Examples
Alumnus-Alumni
Formula-formulae
Noun’s & Noun Phrases
Concrete:
Words that can be visualized
Table, chair, Flag
Abstract:
Ideas or concepts with no clear visual image associated with them
Sincerity, foolhardiness, love
Animate:
Humans & Animals
Nonhuman= It, Human=HE/SHE
Inanimate
Things
Count Nouns:
Have Plural
Beans
Singular
Bean is good for you
A/An
A Bean
Quantities:
(Too) many beans
(Too) few means
More beans
Fewer beans
Noun’s & Noun Phrases
Mass/Non count
No Plural
Rices
Not Singular
Rice is good for you
No A/An
A Rice
Quantities:
More Rice
Less Rice
(Too) much rice
(Too) Less Rice
What is a Noun Phrase?
A grouping called noun phrases, these components make up the determiner system.
Noun Phrase Formula
Pre-Determiner + Determiner + Post Determiner + Noun= Noun Phrase
Only required element is the noun itself (Head)!
Determiners:
Articles
Definite: The / Indef: A, an,
Plural: Some
Demonstrative Close to speaker: This, These
Distance from speaker: That, Those
Possessive
Plural: Our, Your, Their
Singular: my, your, his, her, its
Possessive NP Any Noun singular or plural inflicted for poses
Quantities
Many, Several, few, any, some, no two,
enough, little, much, any, some, no
With count nouns
with mass count
Pre-Determiners:
All, Half, Both
May be followed my preposition “of”
What and such are also considered predeterminers but use is restricted to indefinite article determiner.
Noun’s & Noun Phrases
Post determiner COD
Cardinal (one, two, three)
Ordinal (First, Second, third)
Indefinite (Several, many, few)
Vocatives:
Noun phrase which is broken discontinuous
Example: Several Accidents have been reported involving passengers falling from trains.
Several accidents involving passengers failing from trains have been reported.
Noun Phrase
Determiner: Noun
The Ground is wet
Determiner + Predeterminer + Noun
She is such a liar
Determiner + Post determiner+ Noun
Her many friends came to the party
Predeterminer+ Determiner + Postdeterminer+ Noun
All John’s many relatives live in that house
Noun’s & Noun Phrases
Subject:
Is the subject of a noun phrase?
Examples: Mary left early, the house was built by the contractor, this old house is a mess
Doer
Not the Doer
No Doer
Almost always the first noun phrase that precedes the verb!
Dummy/Placeholder/Exppletive:
Word like it
In it is raining
Expletive fills the place of the subject, although it may not be a subject.
Direct Object:
Answers what and who (m)
Example: The Girl hit the ball
The clown entertained his children.
The ball was thrown by the pitcher
Indirect Object:
To what (whom)/ for what (Whom) about the verb
Ex Jimmy gave an apple to the teacher
S
D.O
I.O
Often proceed words to and for
Indirect object inversion.
Removing to and “for” and flipping I.O and D. O
Jimmy gave an apple to the teacher
Jimmy gave the teacher an apple
Noun’s & Noun Phrases
Object of a Preposition
Prepositions indicating location, direction, accompaniment and purpose
Prepositions link with a noun phrase to form a prepositional phrase.
Examples:
(Location) In the barn
(Direction) Toward the barn
(Accompaniment) With an escort
(Purpose) for a good reason
Complements:
A noun phrase that describes another non phrase to rest of sentence
Examples: Jane saw the president D.O
Jane was the president S.C.
Verbal Nouns:
Built from verbs, but may exhibit properties of nouns.
Gerunds: -ing, laughing, coughing, playing
They can be head of noun phrases with many usual modifies that occur in nouns.
Example his lauhing annoyed her/ all that coughing is disturbing the musicians.
Infinitives:
Words with “to” in front of them
Examples to talk, to love, to run
When they are heads of nouns it is called an infinitival phrase
To give up now would be foolish
To love would be dumb
Noun’s & Noun Phrases