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Review On Multipath Routing Protocols For ZigBee Networks Raj Philip Second Year M.Tech Student, College of Engineering Kidangoor, CUSAT Shiney Thankachan Jismy Babu Assistant Professor, College of Engineering Kidangoor CUSAT Abstract—Multipath routing is a routing method, which choose multiple paths to send data from source to destination. WSNs usually use this Multipath routing to provide reliability and load balancing. Efficient utilization of available resources can be possible with multipath routing. The use of multipath routing in zigBee network is to improve the throughput which is mainly not enough in zigbee based WSN to satisfy high bandwidth requirements for high traffic applications like structure health monitoring systems, human healthcare systems and multimedia surveillance systems. This paper examines various multi-path routing protocols for zigBee WSN and showing its benefits. Keywords— Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee, Cluster-tree Topology, ZigBee Multipath Routing, Tree Routing. INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor network is a network in which numerous types of sensor nodes are deployed. Wireless sensor network is possible to extend then it consumes very little power and it is also software programmable [1]. A WSN (wireless sensor network) generally consists of base station (or) gateway that can communicate with a number of wireless sensors via a radio link. WSN can reduce the cost of installation, maintenance and eliminates connectors. Wireless sensor networks are used in many applications such as habitat monitoring military surveillance, environmental monitoring, inventory, tracking, smart spaces etc. Wireless sensor networks are important for monitoring the agricultural field area, such as paddy crop field area, fruit field area for get real time data. Gateway is used for to connect separate networks. With the help of this wireless sensor network we can obtain real time data such as temperature, pressure, humidity. Initially WSNs is developed for monitoring applications that needs only limited bandwidth but nowadays it can be possible to use application that need high bandwidth like healthcare, home automation etc. ZigBee network is a WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network). WPAN is a low range wireless network which covers an area of only a few dozen meters. This type of network is usually used for connecting peripheral devices like printers, home appliances pr a personal Assistant to computer without using hard-wired connection. ZigBee networks have ZigBee coordinators, routers and end devices. Each device is in charge of specific roles within the network. ZigBee supports three kinds of network topologies, they are star, tree, and mesh networks. Initializing, maintaining, and controlling the network are the duties of ZigBee coordinator. A star network has a coordinator with devices straightly connecting Assistant Professor, College of Engineering Kidangoor, CUSAT to the coordinator. For tree and mesh networks, devices can communicate with each other in a multi hop fashion. ZigBee network standard is deal with the ZigBee Alliance [2] and it is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical and MAC layer standard [2]. ZigBee is a standards-based technology for remote monitoring, control and sensor network applications. The standard was formed to address the requirements for a less cost, standards-based wireless networking solution that supports low-power consumption, low data-rates, , security, and reliability. ZigBee technology suffers from its limited bandwidth (250 kbps at 2.4 GHz) and extending it to meet WMSN requirements is a true challenge. For increasing data rate and thus by using this for high data rate applications, it uses a method called multipath routing. Multipath routing has a number of advantages. First one is fault tolerance i.e. by sending information through alternative path it is possible to avoid communication failure ,if a link failure occur. Then next is load balancing. That is for avoiding congestion load may be distributed to different paths. Next is bandwidth aggregation. That is we can effectively increase bandwidth by sending data through multiple paths. Next is it is possible to reduce delay. LITERATURE SURVEY . This paper focuses on the effort that deals with multipath routing in ZigBee WSN. Before explaining the multipath routing, we should need some idea on single path routing protocol used in zigBee networks. Usually routing protocols may be of three types. First one is reactive type. In this case routes are created at the time of routing. Example of this is AODV (Adhoc On demand Distance Vector) routing protocols[5][8]. AODV require route discovery and route maintenance procedure. It uses RREQ and RREP packets for finding paths. Route discovery procedure, a source node that wants to communicate with another node will send a route request packet to its neighbor node. When a neighbor node receives this RREQ packet it will check if it is the intended destination or not. If it is not the intended destination then it will save the address of the node from which receive this RREQ packet and the address of the node to which it send the RREQ packet. This is for reverse path. When this RREQ reach the destination it will send a RREP back to source. When a source node receives first RREP, a new path will be discovered. Example of proactive routing protocol is Tree routing. In this case there should establish a parent- child link at the MAC association time itself. So there should be a direct tree path from any node to the sink node. In ZigBee network there exists multipath routing protocols that finds multiple path entirely based on a single type of routing protocol or finds multiple paths based on both reactive and proactive routing protocols called hybrid multipath routing protocols. This paper contains explanation of both types of multipath routing protocols in zigBee. Before that we should know two concepts. First one is Neighbor table. A neighbor table is maintained by each device in the ZigBee, which contain all the neighbor information in the 1hop transmission range. If users limit the size of the neighbor table, the chosen numbers of neighbor entries are stored in the table. The neighbor table contains the network’s PAN identifier; node’s extended address, network address, device type and relationship. Further information such as beacon order, depth or permit joining also be included. quence C1 C2... Cd, that de fines the parent-child path in the tree from S to the sink. T w o p a t h s a r e said to be node disjoint paths if and only if there is no common intermediate nodes between them and source and destination are the only common nodes. Advantage of this protocol is less routing overhead and disadvantage is we do not get an optimum path. Second one is B. ZigBee Multipath Routing Algorithm ZMR [3] is a node disjoints hybrid routing protocol. It uses both techniques that are reactive AODV and proactive tree routing methods. Here for reducing end-to-end delay its proactive part will be activated first. For creating the other paths its reactive part that is AODV routing protocol is activated. Let explain this protocol functioning with the help of following figure 1. When a node joins to an existing network entries in the neighbor table are formed. When a joining node requests a NLMENETWORK-DISCOVERY, it will get a response beacons from previously joined nodes. The newly joined node stores neighbors’ information from the information within a beacon packet. When the neighbor node departs from the network its entry is removed from the table. Nodes can identify this information by receiving NLME-LEAVE indication messages. The information on the neighbor table is updated every time when a device gets a frame from another neighbor. Second one is Node disjoint property. This means for avoiding collision we should select multiple paths that satisfy node disjointness. First multipath routing Protocol for ZigBee network is A. ZigBee Multipath Hierarchical Tree Routing Z-MHTR (ZigBee Multipath Hierarchical Tree Routing) [6] finds multiple paths entirely based on hierarchical tree routing. For creating multiple paths it uses three type of information’s. First one is MAC parent-child relationships next is neighbor links from neighbor table and last is node disjoint property. Here we are considering routing from source to sink only. This is only applied to steady state network, where there is a parent-child link between each node. In this each node maintain a neighbor table which is always up-todate. Each table entry contains the following elements first is neighbor identity next is Relationship type. It may be child, parent or adjacent. The first path is always the parent-child path that was built based on MAC parent-child links. For creating subsequent path we should know the zigBee Tree path information. This is for getting node disjoint path. For a given node S (different from the coordinator) at depth d, the ZigBee Tree Path information of node S noted ZTP is an integer se- In this case we want to find multiple paths from S to sink. First path is always the direct tree path from S to sink that is created at the time of MAC association. That is the red one. For creating the subsequent paths its reactive part will be triggered. For finding the second path that is the green one, the S node will check its neighbor table. It will select the near neighbor node from that table that satisfies node disjoint property. Here near neighbor is node C. Here there may be two possibilities. That is sometimes it may be sink node itself, then that times we will get a direct path of one link. Otherwise it may be an NTR node that means node belongs to branch of a tree path. In this case C is a NTR node. That means there exists a direct tree path from C to Sink that is path C-E sink. For creating additional paths its reactive part will be triggered. Here third path the blue one is created using this reactive way. The basic idea of this reactive part is Source node will send an EXPLORE message. And this EXPLORE message is forwarded from node to node. Before forwarding this message, a node will check if it is the destination or not. If it is not the destination node it will save the next node and node from which it accept this message in its routing table ,this is for reverse path creation. If it is the destination node, it will send a RESPONSE message back to the source node through already created reverse path. Sometimes an intermediate node does not have a neighbor node, then that case it will send an error message back to the source node. And when a source node receives this error message, it will trigger another path discovery procedure. Advantage is we get optimum paths and disadvantage routing overhead. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT ZigBee network uses multipath routing techniques to improve its data rate and thereby using it for high data rate applications. Multipath routing protocol increases the effective global throughput of the network that is why zigBee uses these techniques to increase its data rate. This paper presents some of the multipath routing protocols used in zigBee network and there advantages and disadvantages. Protocol uses mainly AODV and Tree routing for creating multiple paths. Tree routing alone or both Tree and AODV. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Edgar H. Callaway, Jr. and Edgar H. Callaway, "Wireless Sensor Networks: Architectures and Protocols," CRC Press, August 2003, 352 pages. Shahin Farahani, “ ZigBee Wireless Networks and Transeivers” ,. Zahia Bidai, Moufida Maimour “Multipath Routing for High-Data Rate Applications in ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks” 978-1-47993223-8/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE. ZigBee Alliance, www.ZigBee.org. C. Perkins, E. Royer, and S. Das, “Ad hoc on demand distance vector (aodv) routing,” 1999. [Online]. Available: http://www.ietf.org/ internet-drafts/draft-ieftmanet-aodv-03.txt Z.Bidai, H.Haffaf, and M.Maimour, “Node disjoint multi-path routing for zigbee cluster tree wireless sensor networks,” in International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS 2011), Ouarzazate, Morocco, 7-9 April 2011. Z.Bidai, M.Maimour, and H.Haffaf, “Multipath extension of the zigbee tree routing in cluster-tree wireless sensor networks,” International Journal of mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications (IJMCM), vol. 4, no. 2, 2012. M. Zheng, “NS2 simulator for IEEE 802.15.4,” 2004, url http://ees2cy.engr.ccny.cuny.edu/zheng/pub/.. C´esar A. Santiv´a˜nez, Bruce McDonald, Ioannis Stavrakakis, Ram Ramanathan, “On the Scalability of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols,” INFOCOM 2002. Twenty-First Annual Joint Conferences of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE (Volume:3 )