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Lynn S. Fichter Dept Geology/Envir Science James Madison University Wednesday, June 29, 2011 3:15-4:45 How Do Things Evolve? Ask the average person on the street what the theory of evolution is . . . . . . and they are likely to answer . . . • Natural selection ? • Darwin’s theory of evolution ? • Survival of the fittest ? a.k.a. The Modern Synthesis 1 But we acknowledge and take for granted that many systems evolve But we acknowledge and take for granted that many systems evolve But we acknowledge and take for granted that many systems evolve 2 Even our Earth Science text books take for granted that the Earth is an evolutionary system. But, if we ask, “What is the theory of Earth evolution?” you will likely get a blank stare, . . . . . . or at best a superficial discussion of the fossil record. 3 Even our Earth Science text books take for granted that the Earth is an evolutionary system. . . . any process that leads to increases in: • Complexity • Order and/or • Diversity • Interconnectedness with time . . . then, lots of things evolve. 4 Biological things are not the only things that evolve. • • • • • • • Economies evolve. Cities evolve. Political systems evolve. Earthquake systems evolve. Earth Environments evolve. Neural networks (ideas) in the brain evolve. Elements in stars evolve. Can we assume that biological evolutionary theory is a general theory of evolution ? No ! Take, for example an economic system. . . . What in an economic system is equivalent to . . • A Gene? • An individual? • A species? Is it accurate to say economic systems evolve like biological systems? • A mutation and genetic recombination? If biological things evolve and economies evolve . . . And we cannot make a direct one-for-one comparison of the units and processes between them . . . Then Darwinian evolutionary theory (the Modern Synthesis) is a special theory of evolution, not a general theory. . . Like . . . . 5 Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity. The special theory applies the principle of relativity only to inertial frames i.e. does not account for gravity, but it can deal with accelerations. The general theory applies the principle of relativity generally, that is, to any frame including gravity. The expression "elephant in the room" refers to a situation where something major is going on, it's on everyone's mind and impossible to ignore -- like an elephant in the room. But nobody talks about the "elephant" because nobody knows what to do about it. A General Evolutionary Algorithm that applies to both biological and economic systems 1. Differentiate Create diversity fromgeneral a progenitor So,a lotisofthis the don t work well 2. Select Cull out all those that don’t theory of evolution we 3. Amplify Reproduce from survivors with mutation are looking for ? Repeat The units of selection and the information carriers are different in each kind of system but the algorithm is the same . . . 6 Well, not really . . . Differentiate, select, and amplify do not really explain how . . . • Rocks evolve • The atmosphere has evolved • The Earth has evolved They evolve by completely different mechanisms from the evolution of life or economies and it is meaningless to talk about life evolution without the evolution of Earth environments Fractionation - the separation of components of a whole into fractions each of which has a different composition from the whole. Parent Material Add energy: not too much, not too little Mixed, but differing in size, weight, valence, reactivity, etc. This means there are at least two General Evolutionary Algorithms . . . 1. Elaborating evolution Begin with something simple and increase in abundance, diversity, and complexity with time. More Energy Systems increase in • Abundance • Complexity More Energy • Diversity 2. Fractionating evolution Begin with something complex and subdivide it into fractions. 7 Is this it then – two theories of evolution? Elaborating Evolutionary theory Fractionating Evolution theory Hummm . . . An Example of the Problem But this is Non-Life Simple Elements Increasing Energy Complexity to “Life” Life More Energy Life increases in: • Abundance • Complexity • Diversity Elaborating Evolution by Natural Selection How can something be biologically naturally selected for before it has become biological, before it has come into existence? AnThis Example of of thecreating Problem process But this is something Lifeis Non-Lifeout of nothing Simple Elements Increasing to “Life” More Energy Life increases in: • Abundance Self Organizing Evolution Energy Complexity • Complexity • Diversity Elaborating Evolution by Natural Selection How can something be biologically naturally selected for before it has become biological, before it has come into existence? 8 Natural Examples of Self Organizing Evolution Origin of Life Natural Examples of Self Organizing Evolution Spiral Galaxy Natural Examples of Self Organizing Evolution Termite Mounds 9 Natural Examples of Self Organizing Evolution Dendritic Drainage Patterns When it comes to evolution, this is the elephant in the room. The expression "elephant in the room" refers to a situation where something major is going on, it's on everyone's mind and impossible to ignore -- like an elephant in the room. But nobody talks about the "elephant" because nobody knows what to do about it. Self-Organizing Evolution Creating structures and patterns from random agents by the application of simple rules Elaborating Evolution • Diversity •Select •Amplify •Repeat Fractionating Evolution Dividing a complex parent into fractions because of differences in the size, weight, valence, reactivity, etc. 10 . . . studies how systems with many “agents” that exist at high energy/information flow interact and behave. the individual units that are interacting, like . . . Complex systems theory (or complexity theory) studies how systems with many “agents” that are already at high energy/information flow interact and behave. Complex systems theory (or complexity theory) studies how systems with many “agents” that are already at high energy/information flow interact and behave. 11 Units of friction along a fault zone Sand grains in a migrating ripple Organisms in an ecosystem 12 Self-Organized Criticality Cellular Automata Complex Systems Theory The central dogma is complex systems are Self Self-Organizing Complex systems theory studies how systems with many “agents” that are already at high energy/information dissipation interact and behave. Boids Oscillating Reactions Self-Organizing Evolution Creating structures and patterns from random agents by the application of simple rules Elaborating Evolution • Diversity •Select •Amplify •Repeat Fractionating Evolution Dividing a complex parent into fractions because of differences in the size, weight, valence, reactivity, etc. Elaborating Evolutionary Mechanisms 1. Differentiate Create a lot of diversity from a progenitor 2. Select Cull out all those that don’t work well 3. Amplify Reproduce from survivors with mutation Repeat 13 General Evolutionary Algorithm in Biology Differentiate Select Amplify Repeat Elaborating Evolution Word Evolv Genetic Algorithms The John Muir Trail The Ant gene consists of 512 bits of information, a series of 1's and 0's. The genetic makeup is changed each generation at some low frequency either by cross over— two individuals exchange part of their string of genes—or by mutation—one gene has its bit flipped from 1 to 0 or vice versa. 14 Elaborating Evolution John Muir Trail Can we evolve via natural selection an electronic “ant” that can learn to run a maze? Self-Organizing Evolutionary Mechanisms Begin with an initial state of random agents, apply simple rules of interaction to evolve a system of ordered patterns. Cellular Automata (CA) are simply grids of cells, where the individual cells change states according to a set of rules. The CA may be one dimensional, or linear, like a string of cells in a row (below), or two dimensional, like a checkerboard 1 2 3 8 ? 4 7 6 1 5 a live cell survives to the next generation if at least 2 but no more than three of the surrounding 8 cells are alive. Less than 2 and it dies of loneliness; more than 3 and it dies of over crowding.- Birth Rules – 3/3 2 8 7 Optimal Local Rule Set Survival Rules – 2/3 3 4 6 5 a dead cells comes alive the next generation if 3, any 3, of the surrounding 8 cells are also alive. Life3000 LifeWin Merick’sCelebration Applet 15 16 Classical Systems – Chemical Reactions A+B A X Y Reaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3 Reaction 4 Reaction Inhibition A X B+X 2X + Y X E C+D E B or D A B+X 2X + Y X Energy releasing Y + D X Consuming 3X Autocatalytic X Moves fast Moves slow X Y+D 3X E The BZ (Belousov-Zhabotinsky) Reaction Applet 1 Applet 3 Applet 2 Ilya Moving Waves http://delfin.klte.hu/~gasparv/menuh.html Inhibitor Activator Stationary Waves/Spots From patterns in animal hides, butterfly wings, and shells, to the distribution of organisms in a ecosystems, activator-inhibitor systems provide explanatory mechanisms. 17 Natural Examples of Self Organizing Evolution Weathering and Leisagang Natural Examples of Self Organizing Evolution Agate Structure Reaction-Diffusion/Activator-Inhibitor in Geology Agate Structure 18 Fractionating Evolutionary Mechanisms Begin with a complex or random parent and physically, chemically, or biologically divided it into fractions because of differences in the size, weight, valence, reactivity, etc. of the component particles. Thomas Schelling’s Model of Segregation as a Fractionation Process The Evolution of Segregation: Agents want to Live in Neighbourhoods where 50% or More are Like Themselves (Small Circles Represent Dissatisfied Agents) Schelling’s Model of Segregation as a Fractionation Process 19 Perthite Graphic Granite 20 Migmatite _ a partially melted rock. In the picture the light areas are the melted fractions; they are light because their composition is lower on the reaction series. The dark areas are the unmelted residues with a concentration of dark minerals from higher in the reaction series. If the rock were to completely melt the fractions would melt together and no fractionation would occur. 1. – as Earth scientists we now have an evolutionary theory that encompasses all parts of the Earth as a complete evolutionary system. 1. – as Earth scientists we now have an evolutionary theory that encompasses all parts of the Earth as a complete evolutionary system. 2. – the SOL’s tend to be descriptive and narrow. Teaching evolutionary systems allows us to narrow tell a story. 21 Tectonic Initial molten state + Radioactive heat + its counter force, gravity Heat causes things to expand which causes them to move Solar Heat from the sun Heat warms the air and water, setting up different pressures which causes them to move. Chemical Inorganic reactions, of which there are many, many, many – some of which we need to understand Biological Organic chemistry, plus biological modifications of environments 22 Putting astronomical observations and astrophysical theory together with their observations and calculations, Meibom and colleagues come up with a complicated picture of the solar nebula. There is a hot central disk, which may be uniform in temperature near the Sun. The temperature is lower farther from the Sun. In-falling interstellar material becomes heated as it accretes to the disk. Convection causes clouds to rise near the inner, hottest part of the disk; this is where the metal grains may have formed. Powerful jets (or bipolar outflow) and strong solar winds called the "x-wind" transport hot gas and dust away from the Sun. In some regions, transient, localized heating events recycle materials. Eventually, planetesimals and then planets begin to form from the dust. http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Sept00/primitiveFeNi.html ANORTHOSITE OLIVINE/ PYROXENE IRON 23 To Atmosphere Volcanic Emissions (Abundant) H2O (Abundant) CO2 (Common) H2 (< 10%) N2 (few %) Scompounds Lost to space Atmospheric H2O Ocean Sink photodissociation H2 + O2 + Final Mars/Earth/Venus Equilibrium Atmosphere CO2 N2 S ~ 95% few % traces Soluble Reduced Elements Insoluble Oxidized Element Banded Iron Formation Sediment Sequestering Closed, dead, equilibrium systems Earth Evolution Could Have Come to an end at this Point, as it Did on Mars Bitter cold (-53o C), dry, with an atmosphere weighing only .06 times the Earth’s. Self-Organizing Evolution Elaborating Evolution Fractionating Evolution 24 Every limitation is also an opportunity Every advance leads to a limitation New Energy Source Potential Extinction New solution to resource limitation Exploitation of energy source Population enlarges, territory expands Next Solution NEXT CRISIS CRISIS Every limitation is also an opportunity Every advance leads to a limitation New Energy Source Potential Extinction Exploitation of energy source Population enlarges, territory expands CRISIS New solution to resource limitation Next Solution NEXT CRISIS 25 Igneous Rock Evolution Fractionating Evolutionary-Attractor Complex Parent O Local Attractor P O Na Ca P O Diorite/ Andesite M Qtz Ca/Na A B Na O M dark gray/black Qtz Basalt B Na O M Local Attractor A Ca/Na A M Qtz INTERMEDIATE ROCKS Ca/Na B Na O fractionation MAGMA (Open system) (Chaotic attractor) Ca Basalt/ Gabbro Ca O B (Closed system) (Point attractor) P Ca/Na A heating O Sterile End Product Ca P Diorite salt and pepper Qtz fractionation PLAGIOFELSIC ROCKS fractionation Local Attractor O Ca P ALKALIFELSIC ROCKS Local Attractor Ca/Na A Plagiogranite/ Rhyolite B O Na Ca P O Ca/Na A M B Qtz Plagiogranite gray Alkaligranite/ Rhyolite Na O M Qtz Alkaligranite pink Gabbro Color images of these rocks can be found at: http://geollab.jmu.edu/Fichter/IgnRx/IgHome.html Soluble Soluble In the absence of oxygen Soluble Th sea is salty The l Clastic Rocks Carbonate Rocks 26 Mechanical Weathering Arkose Breccia Rounding Arkose Sorting Congl. Proximal Braided River Arkosic Sandy Congl. Alluvial Fan Arkose Chem. Weathering SS SubMeander Distal Arkose River wacke Braided River Weathering Meander River Alluvial Fan Lithic Rounding Breccia 1. Proximal Braided River Quartz wacke Distal SubBraided Meander Lithic River River wacke Lithic Chem. Weathering SS CaCO3 dissolved in solution Dumped on beach Quartz SS Beach Sorting Shale Near Shelf Lime stone Far Shelf Lithic Sorting Congl. – as Earth scientists we now have an evolutionary theory that encompasses all parts of the Earth as a complete evolutionary system. 2. – the SOL’s tend to be descriptive and narrow. Teaching evolutionary systems allows us to narrow tell a story. 2. – we can blunt the criticisms of . . . 27 28