Download Animal Body System Fill in Notes

Name: _____________________________
Period: __________
***All notes must be fill-in before you can begin Dissection: (March 20st)
PAP Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
Animals (members of the Kingdom Animalia)
What characteristics do all animals share?
Eukaryotic Cells
No Cell Wall
______________________
Cell specialization
____________________________
Reproduction
Categories of Animals
Category
Percentage
of Species
Description
Examples
Without backbones
With backbones
7 functions that animals carry out.
1. Feeding
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
__________________________
Circulation
Excretion
_____________________________
Movement
Reproduction
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Types of Feeders
Type of Feeder
Description
Feeds on plants.
Carnivore
Aquatic; strain tiny floating organisms from the water.
Feeds on decaying plant and animal materials.
All About Animals
What does an animal do when it respires?
◦ They take in oxygen and give off ___________________ _________________.
What does the excretory system of most animals do?
◦ Helps maintain homeostasis by eliminating __________________ quickly or
converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.
Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve _________________
To move or not to move
Motile: ability to _________.
Sessile: ___________ in adult life form
Reproduction
What type of reproduction maintains genetic diversity in populations? _____________ _____________
What does asexual reproduction allow an animal to do?
◦ It allows animals to increase their ________________ rapidly therefore increasing
their chance of ___________________.
Early Development of Animals
What is another name for a fertilized egg? _______________
Protostome: development of an animal from mouth to ______________.
Deuterostome: development of an animal from tail to __________.
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Animal Symmetry
Type of Symmetry
Description
Examples
Body parts that repeat
around the center.
A single plane divides
the body into two
equal parts.
No pattern
Bilaterally symmetrical animals have:
Label the Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior and Posterior of the Crayfish
◦ Dorsal (top) side and Ventral (bottom) side.
◦ Right and Left side.
◦ Anterior (head) and Posterior (tail) ends.
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Homeostasis and Feedback Loop Notes

_________________ - refers to the ability of an organism or environment to maintain
____________ in spite of changes. The human body is full of examples of homeostasis
 Homeostasis happens in _____ Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, and Animalia
The Human Body

The components of the human body, from _______, to tissues to _________ to organ systems,
__________ to maintain homeostasis
What is Homeostasis?



The maintenance of a _____________ environment in the body
Achieved by many different internal controlled mechanisms that _______ deviations and make
_____________ actions
Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a constant environment OR _________________
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Homeostatic Loop

Body cells work best if they have the
correct: ______________________,
__________________, Glucose
concentration, Calcium Concentration,
and _______________________
Feedback Mechanisms

In order to maintain homeostasis, the
body uses feedback loops
 There are two types:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
Negative Feedback Loop (decreases effects) Stimulus produces a response which
___________ the original stimulus. (used for
homeostasis)
Examples




_____________ (reduces being hot)
Shivering (_______________ being cold)
_____________ (reduces blood sugar)
Stomata’s and guard cells in __________ (reduce water loss in ________________)
Positive Feedback Loop (increases effects) -Stimulus produces a response which ___________ the
stimulus
Examples



Drug addicts (needs ____________ drugs)
Apple ripening (ethylene is _______________)
______________ produced to speed up contractions in childbirth (_____________ faster
childbirth)
Difference Between Negative and Positive Feedback Loops
Negative feedback: the response is moved _____________ the target set point
Positive feedback: the response is moved ______________from the target set point
Human Body System
All of the ___________________ within the ________________ interact with one another to keep an
organism healthy.
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Levels of Organization: The levels of organization in a multicellular organism include cells, tissues,
organs, and organ systems.
 ____________ Basic unit of structure and function
 _____________ Group of Cells working together
 ____________ Group of tissues working together
 ____________ Group of organs working together
Cell Types and Tissue
 ____________ are specialized for their specific function.
 Tissues are groups of cells that perform a specific function.
 Muscle Tissue: along the bones, enables body to move.
 ____________ Tissue: glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces.
 ____________ Tissue: provides support for the body and connects its parts.
 Nervous Tissue: transmits nerve impulses throughout the body.
Nervous System
Neuron
 _______________ and ________________ the body’s
response to changes in its internal and external
environments
 What is a neuron?
o Cells that transmit ________________ impulses in
the
nervous system.
 What is a synapse?
o The location at which a neuron can ________________ an impulse to another cell. (axon
end)
 What are neurotransmitters?
o Chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.
Digestive System
 Converts _____________ into ________________ molecules that can be used by the cells of the
body; absorbs food; eliminates waste.
 What is the difference between chemical digestion and mechanical digestion?
o _______________ digestion begins in the mouth; breaks the chemical bonds in
carbohydrates and releases sugars.
o _______________ digestion is the muscle contractions needed to move the fluids and
food from the stomach to the small intestine.
Enzymes
 Enzymes are also called _______________ - they speed up chemical reactions & reduces
activation energy
 Enzyme - helper protein molecule
 Substrate - molecule that enzymes work on
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 Products - what the enzyme helps produce from the
reaction
 Active site - part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits
into
o ________________________
 Exergonic - Energy _____________: Digestion (ATP to
ADP)
 Endergonic - ___________________ energy: (ADP to
ATP)
Effects of Digestive Enzymes
Active Site
Enzyme
Effect on Food
Mouth
Salivary
amylase
Breaks down starches into disaccharides.
Stomach
Pepsin
Breaks down proteins into large peptides.
Amylase
Continues the breakdown of starches.
Trypsin
Continues the breakdown of proteins.
Lipase
Breaks down fat.
Maltase,
Sucrose, Lactase
Breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Peptidase
Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids.
Small Intestine
(pancreas)
Small Intestine
Excretory System
 Eliminates ________________ products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis
 What processes are involved in blood purification?
o __________________: to remove wastes.
o __________________: process by which liquid is taken back into the system.
 How does the kidney help to maintain homeostasis?
o They _________________ waste products from the blood; maintain blood
____________; and regulate the _________________ content of the blood (blood
volume).
Lymphatic/Immune System
 Helps protect the body from ________________; collects fluid lost from blood vessels and
returns the fluid to the circulatory system.
 What is the first line of defense?
o ________________________
 What is the second line of defense?
o ________________________ response: a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage
caused by injury or infection.
 What is the immune response?
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o Specific defenses that attack a particular disease-causing agent.
 What are some examples of antigens (what causes the disease)?
o ________________, ___________________, or other pathogens.
 How do antibodies help in the immune system?
o They recognize and ____________ to antigens; _________________ the pathogen.
 How to lymph nodes change in response to an infection?
o Lymph nodes act as _________________, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms;
___________________ is a response to active lymph nodes.
 What is the fluid collected by the lymphatic system called?
o Lymph
Integumentary System
 Serves as a _________________ against infection and injury; helps to regulate body
temperature; provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun
 What is the function of melanin?
o Helps protect the skin from damage by absorbing ______________________ from the
sun.
 How does the skin react with other parts to maintain homeostasis?
o By helping to ____________________________________
Skeletal System
 ________________ the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral
reserves; provides a site for _________________ _______________ formation.
 What are osteocytes?
o Mature bone cells
 List the 2 types of bone marrow and their function.
o ________________: made primarily of fat cells
o ________________: produces red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets.
 What is the function of ligaments?
o To hold bones together in a _______________.
 What is the function of tendons?
o To hold __________________ to bone
Muscular System
 Works with the skeletal system to produce ___________________ movement; helps to circulate
________________ and move food through the digestive system
Muscle Filament (2 Types)
 _______________ (actin) and ________________ (myosin)
 Sliding Filament Theory: describes a process used by __________________ to contract
Circulatory System
 Brings oxygen, nutrients, and ___________________ to cells; fights infection; removes cell
wastes; helps to _________________ body temperature
 What is the difference between the atrium and the ventricle?
o _______________: Upper chamber which receives blood.
o _______________: Lower chamber which pumps blood out of the heart.
 List the 3 types of blood vessels.
o Arteries, veins, capillaries
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 List the 3 cellular portions of blood and their function.
o ____________ blood cells: transport oxygen.
o ____________ blood cells: guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria.
o ____________ and plasma proteins: make blood clotting possible
 What is hemoglobin?
o ______________________ protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues of the body
Respiratory System
 Provides _______________ needed for cellular respiration and removes ______________
carbon dioxide from the body
Endocrine System
 Controls ________________, development, and __________________; maintains homeostasis
 What are hormones?
o ___________________ that are released in one part of the body that travel through the
blood stream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body.
 Hormones are controlled by feedback mechanisms.
o (Positive and Negative _________________________ Loops)
 To maintain homeostasis.
Gland
Function
Pineal Gland
Releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities.
Hypothalamus
Makes hormones that control the pituitary gland.
Thyroid Gland
Produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.
Parathyroid Gland
Regulates the levels of calcium in the blood.
Thymus
During childhood, releases thymosin which stimulates T-cell development &
proper immunity.
Pancreas
Produces insulin and glucagon to regular sugar in the blood.
Adrenal Gland
Release epinephrine and norepinephrine to respond to stress.
Ovary
Produce estrogen and progesterone.
Testes
Produce testosterone.
Reproductive System
 Produces ________________________ cells; in females, nurtures and protects the developing
embryo
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