* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Animal Body System Fill in Notes
Survey
Document related concepts
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Microbial cooperation wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Human embryogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Hematopoietic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic resistance to malaria wikipedia , lookup
Dictyostelium discoideum wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Homeostasis wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Name: _____________________________ Period: __________ ***All notes must be fill-in before you can begin Dissection: (March 20st) PAP Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Animals (members of the Kingdom Animalia) What characteristics do all animals share? Eukaryotic Cells No Cell Wall ______________________ Cell specialization ____________________________ Reproduction Categories of Animals Category Percentage of Species Description Examples Without backbones With backbones 7 functions that animals carry out. 1. Feeding 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. __________________________ Circulation Excretion _____________________________ Movement Reproduction 1 Types of Feeders Type of Feeder Description Feeds on plants. Carnivore Aquatic; strain tiny floating organisms from the water. Feeds on decaying plant and animal materials. All About Animals What does an animal do when it respires? ◦ They take in oxygen and give off ___________________ _________________. What does the excretory system of most animals do? ◦ Helps maintain homeostasis by eliminating __________________ quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body. Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve _________________ To move or not to move Motile: ability to _________. Sessile: ___________ in adult life form Reproduction What type of reproduction maintains genetic diversity in populations? _____________ _____________ What does asexual reproduction allow an animal to do? ◦ It allows animals to increase their ________________ rapidly therefore increasing their chance of ___________________. Early Development of Animals What is another name for a fertilized egg? _______________ Protostome: development of an animal from mouth to ______________. Deuterostome: development of an animal from tail to __________. 2 Animal Symmetry Type of Symmetry Description Examples Body parts that repeat around the center. A single plane divides the body into two equal parts. No pattern Bilaterally symmetrical animals have: Label the Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior and Posterior of the Crayfish ◦ Dorsal (top) side and Ventral (bottom) side. ◦ Right and Left side. ◦ Anterior (head) and Posterior (tail) ends. 3 Homeostasis and Feedback Loop Notes _________________ - refers to the ability of an organism or environment to maintain ____________ in spite of changes. The human body is full of examples of homeostasis Homeostasis happens in _____ Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia The Human Body The components of the human body, from _______, to tissues to _________ to organ systems, __________ to maintain homeostasis What is Homeostasis? The maintenance of a _____________ environment in the body Achieved by many different internal controlled mechanisms that _______ deviations and make _____________ actions Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a constant environment OR _________________ 4 Homeostatic Loop Body cells work best if they have the correct: ______________________, __________________, Glucose concentration, Calcium Concentration, and _______________________ Feedback Mechanisms In order to maintain homeostasis, the body uses feedback loops There are two types: 1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ Negative Feedback Loop (decreases effects) Stimulus produces a response which ___________ the original stimulus. (used for homeostasis) Examples _____________ (reduces being hot) Shivering (_______________ being cold) _____________ (reduces blood sugar) Stomata’s and guard cells in __________ (reduce water loss in ________________) Positive Feedback Loop (increases effects) -Stimulus produces a response which ___________ the stimulus Examples Drug addicts (needs ____________ drugs) Apple ripening (ethylene is _______________) ______________ produced to speed up contractions in childbirth (_____________ faster childbirth) Difference Between Negative and Positive Feedback Loops Negative feedback: the response is moved _____________ the target set point Positive feedback: the response is moved ______________from the target set point Human Body System All of the ___________________ within the ________________ interact with one another to keep an organism healthy. 5 Levels of Organization: The levels of organization in a multicellular organism include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. ____________ Basic unit of structure and function _____________ Group of Cells working together ____________ Group of tissues working together ____________ Group of organs working together Cell Types and Tissue ____________ are specialized for their specific function. Tissues are groups of cells that perform a specific function. Muscle Tissue: along the bones, enables body to move. ____________ Tissue: glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces. ____________ Tissue: provides support for the body and connects its parts. Nervous Tissue: transmits nerve impulses throughout the body. Nervous System Neuron _______________ and ________________ the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environments What is a neuron? o Cells that transmit ________________ impulses in the nervous system. What is a synapse? o The location at which a neuron can ________________ an impulse to another cell. (axon end) What are neurotransmitters? o Chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell. Digestive System Converts _____________ into ________________ molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates waste. What is the difference between chemical digestion and mechanical digestion? o _______________ digestion begins in the mouth; breaks the chemical bonds in carbohydrates and releases sugars. o _______________ digestion is the muscle contractions needed to move the fluids and food from the stomach to the small intestine. Enzymes Enzymes are also called _______________ - they speed up chemical reactions & reduces activation energy Enzyme - helper protein molecule Substrate - molecule that enzymes work on 6 Products - what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction Active site - part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into o ________________________ Exergonic - Energy _____________: Digestion (ATP to ADP) Endergonic - ___________________ energy: (ADP to ATP) Effects of Digestive Enzymes Active Site Enzyme Effect on Food Mouth Salivary amylase Breaks down starches into disaccharides. Stomach Pepsin Breaks down proteins into large peptides. Amylase Continues the breakdown of starches. Trypsin Continues the breakdown of proteins. Lipase Breaks down fat. Maltase, Sucrose, Lactase Breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides. Peptidase Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids. Small Intestine (pancreas) Small Intestine Excretory System Eliminates ________________ products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis What processes are involved in blood purification? o __________________: to remove wastes. o __________________: process by which liquid is taken back into the system. How does the kidney help to maintain homeostasis? o They _________________ waste products from the blood; maintain blood ____________; and regulate the _________________ content of the blood (blood volume). Lymphatic/Immune System Helps protect the body from ________________; collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. What is the first line of defense? o ________________________ What is the second line of defense? o ________________________ response: a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection. What is the immune response? 7 o Specific defenses that attack a particular disease-causing agent. What are some examples of antigens (what causes the disease)? o ________________, ___________________, or other pathogens. How do antibodies help in the immune system? o They recognize and ____________ to antigens; _________________ the pathogen. How to lymph nodes change in response to an infection? o Lymph nodes act as _________________, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms; ___________________ is a response to active lymph nodes. What is the fluid collected by the lymphatic system called? o Lymph Integumentary System Serves as a _________________ against infection and injury; helps to regulate body temperature; provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun What is the function of melanin? o Helps protect the skin from damage by absorbing ______________________ from the sun. How does the skin react with other parts to maintain homeostasis? o By helping to ____________________________________ Skeletal System ________________ the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; provides a site for _________________ _______________ formation. What are osteocytes? o Mature bone cells List the 2 types of bone marrow and their function. o ________________: made primarily of fat cells o ________________: produces red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets. What is the function of ligaments? o To hold bones together in a _______________. What is the function of tendons? o To hold __________________ to bone Muscular System Works with the skeletal system to produce ___________________ movement; helps to circulate ________________ and move food through the digestive system Muscle Filament (2 Types) _______________ (actin) and ________________ (myosin) Sliding Filament Theory: describes a process used by __________________ to contract Circulatory System Brings oxygen, nutrients, and ___________________ to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to _________________ body temperature What is the difference between the atrium and the ventricle? o _______________: Upper chamber which receives blood. o _______________: Lower chamber which pumps blood out of the heart. List the 3 types of blood vessels. o Arteries, veins, capillaries 8 List the 3 cellular portions of blood and their function. o ____________ blood cells: transport oxygen. o ____________ blood cells: guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria. o ____________ and plasma proteins: make blood clotting possible What is hemoglobin? o ______________________ protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body Respiratory System Provides _______________ needed for cellular respiration and removes ______________ carbon dioxide from the body Endocrine System Controls ________________, development, and __________________; maintains homeostasis What are hormones? o ___________________ that are released in one part of the body that travel through the blood stream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body. Hormones are controlled by feedback mechanisms. o (Positive and Negative _________________________ Loops) To maintain homeostasis. Gland Function Pineal Gland Releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities. Hypothalamus Makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. Thyroid Gland Produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism. Parathyroid Gland Regulates the levels of calcium in the blood. Thymus During childhood, releases thymosin which stimulates T-cell development & proper immunity. Pancreas Produces insulin and glucagon to regular sugar in the blood. Adrenal Gland Release epinephrine and norepinephrine to respond to stress. Ovary Produce estrogen and progesterone. Testes Produce testosterone. Reproductive System Produces ________________________ cells; in females, nurtures and protects the developing embryo 9