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Transcript
The Punic Wars Rome against Carthage d The first Punic War • Rome's first territorial conquest outside of Italy was Carthage in Africa. • Rome wanted Carthage for two reasons: Reasons for the first Punic War: 1) Carthage controlled Sicily, a valuable source of grain. Reasons for the first Punic War: 2) The navy of Carthage was a threat; it controlled commercial trade in the Mediterranean, and hindered trade at sea for Rome. The First Punic War • Rome invaded Sicily. The First Punic War • Rome built a navy (at first Carthage was stronger at sea). • The Roman Ships had a gangplank to hook on to enemy boats so legionaries could board and fight on deck. • Rome utterly destroyed the Carthaginian Navy. The First Punic War • • The Carthaginians signed a treaty making Sicily the first Roman province. Next Rome took the islands of Corsica and Sardinia. The Second Punic War • Again Carthage became a threat. • They expanded their empire into Spain and were advancing north, closer to Italy. The Second Punic War • • Rome demanded that the greatest of all Carthaginian generals, Hannibal, surrender a city in Northern Spain Saguntum (a Roman ally). He Refused, and launched an invasion on Italy instead. The Second Punic War • • From Spain he marched 40,000 infantry, 8000 cavalry, & 60 battle elephants over the Alps (mountain barrier to Italy). Within two months he conquered all of Northern Italy. The Second Punic War • • Once in Italy he was almost unstoppable. He defeated the Romans at the Trebia River, & Lake Trasimene. The Second Punic War • In Southern Italy he defeated the Romans at the battle of Cannae. The Second Punic War • • He used a crescent shaped formation of troops and cavalry. It was a brilliant strategy of false retreat followed by attack & conquer. The Second Punic War • • • • Hannibal was at Rome's doorstep without siege equipment, or reinforcements from Spain. In Spain the Carthaginians were losing a counter invasion led by the Roman General Scipio. Scipio conquered all of Spain and Hannibal retreated to protect Carthage. In spite of winning every battle he lost the war. The Battle of Zama • Hannibal starts the battle with his war elephants charging at Roman front. Scipio orders his cavalry to blow loud horns to terrify the charging elephants. The panicked elephants turn at the Carthaginian left wing and disorder it. The Battle of Zama • Roman right wing charges and routs the Carthaginian cavalry, followed by the Roman left wing routing the Carthaginian right wing. Remaining elephants are lured through the lanes and killed. The Battle of Zama • Carthaginian cavalry routed off the field. Scipio attacks Hannibal's first and second line of infantry and routs both lines. The Battle of Zama • Scipio and Hannibal rearrange their troops in a single line and battle remains stalemate until Roman cavalry returns and attacks Hannibal's infantry at the rear. The Second Punic War • • • Hannibal and Carthage suffer a horrific defeat at the Battle of Zuma. Carthage surrendered and Rome became an empire. Hannibal committed suicide when assassins followed him into exile. The Second Punic War • • • • • Four reasons Hannibal lost the war: 1) No siege equipment for Rome's walls 2) Rome's allies were too loyal to join him 3) Carthage didn't get reinforcements through 4) The Romans never gave up Siege of Carthage (3rd Punic War) • • Carthage revived its commercial empire and violated a treaty by building up its military. Rome, still angry about the second war, set about to invade Carthage. Siege of Carthage (3rd Punic War) • • • The roman used a “siege ladder”, a wheeled contraption with a ladder which they used to climb the walls of Carthage. The Carthaginians poured hot tar down the walls to repel back the invaders. The tar burned many Romans to death instantly. Eventually, the Romans eclipsed the wall Siege of Carthage (3rd Punic War) • • • The city of Carthage literally became a fortress. The Romans had to fight for every street, and every single building. The siege lasted 9 straight days. After the battle, the Romans burned the entire city, and salted the entire city, so nothing could grow there again.