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MIDIS, PLAYER PIANOS, MORE 1. Original Player pianos were pneumatic - mechanical using foot pumped bellows. 2. When these pianos are modernized the foot pumped bellows are replaced with a motor driven bellows pump. 3. The third change to an original player is the addition of electrically operated valves inserted into the vacuum lines from the tracker bar. The holes in the tracker bar are covered with the roll leader, and the valves are driven from an electronic MIDI decoder. This is electro-pnumatic. The player piano is still a pneumatic player piano with the addition of the MIDI of the MIDI electronics and valves. 4. There are modern piano adaptations such as the Yahama Disclavier that are all electronic-electrical. These have a Disk player that is Yahama proprietary (you can only get from Yahama) or they can play from MIDI files made to work with the Disclavier. An old roll can be made to work with this system, but all of the control holes in the original roll must be converted to what the Yahama needs for its controls. 5. The Disclavier and the Pianocorder use solenoids to push up on the Pianoforte mechanism to drive the hammers. An original pneumatic player uses a vacuum bellows motor to do this. A solenoid is an electromagnet that has a movable core that driver the pianoforte. These pianos (at least the pianocorder could also operate the pedals, I think the Disclavier can do the same). 6. Then there are the electronic MIDI pianos. These are all electromic and follow the General MIDI specification for control. When played they may sound like a piano, but the keys and pedals do not move. All _expression is handled by MIDI velocity numbers, the Disclavier also responds to MIDI Velocity numbers (Loudness of the individual note). -------------A solenoid can be a push type or a pull type. Disclavier uses a push type. When a player is converted for MIDI the Piano uses a motor to replace the bellows. The pneumatic bellows that move the keys are not changed. A set of small electric valves are used in the wind way between the trackerbar and the pianos pneumatics, taking the place of the piano roll. Piano rolls may still be used with these pianos as well as MIDI. Pneumatics actually are used for the striker force. The piano is still an Ampico or whatever it was before MIDI was added, and requires a MIDI file made from the Ampico Rolls that the MIDI is used in place of. The Ampico will still not play a Welte Roll even if it is MIDI. Keys move only on the disclavier, not on the electronic piano. Disclavier uses solenoids on a real piano. I think Mark Fontana had a library once upon a time, but run into a copyright problem. Vorsetzer is German for "set in front of" so no, the name is reserved for things not built into the case. Welte T100 came in internal and vorsetzer versions. Both solenoids and pnneumatics move the keys and pedals. Large solenoids with dampers are used for the pedals. Pianos with direct solenoids like the disclavier can operate from Yamahas special disks or from MIDI. Some pneumatic pianos with "T" valves in the Vacuum line can also play MIDI files. The piano would still be a pneumatic player piano with a MIDI addition. It will play rolls and MIDI files. The disclavier plays the MIDI file on a real stringed piano. The Other yahama piano is a digital piano and plays the MIDI file using the Digital tone generation system of the Yahama digital piano. Expression on both systems is by use of velocity encoding sent with the note data. The note data is as follows: Type of data (Note on), MIDI Channel (1001nnnn), note number (0xxxxxxx), Velocity (0vvvvvvv). This is always a string of 3 data groups. So each time a note is played this will be repeated for that note, on its MIDI channel and velocity information. The velocity must be derived from somewhere, just how it is determined from a scanned piano roll, I don't know for sure. Most players used data on the roll, either below the sounding notes or above the sounding notes for the _expression. I don't know if any of the players has _expression on a note by note basis. The below and above the playing note data may be recorded in the MIDI file, but to use it the Piano must be built to use this data just like the original piano, or it is meaningless because it is out of the note range of the piano. The 4 Major pianos that he supports are AMPICO A, AMPICO B, Duo-Art and Welte. The MIDI electronics are configured for each type of piano and the rolls that were originally originally made for it. These rolls will not produce on any other piano except the pianos configured for them (Ampico, Duo-Art and Welte). Other pianos need the _expression data on the original rolls to be converted into Velocity data. Some MIDI files do have the Pedal Data included in the Note data above and below the playing range. These MIDI files have to be made for the piano they are to be used with, or strange things may occur when playing the files. So what I am learning, is that there are no standards for MIDI files produced for the electronic players, except files made specifically for the brand of piano they will be used on. The Yamaha digital piano can respond to Pedal data and velocity data, but the files have to be prepared with the pedal data and velocity data for use with a Digital Piano most digital pianos use standard codes for Pedals. Due to the nature of MIDI, I don't know if you will ever find exact replicas of the original rolls, except an exact copy of that roll made for the original piano, converted to MIDI. The original roll is scanned on a hugh resolution optical scanner. The best rolls are made using a LASER as the perforator, others use special mechanical punch sets. Dynamics are added to the MIDI files by a program that reads the coding on the rolls and translates it to MIDI levels.The MIDI pedal data is encoded as control change information. Such as Control 64 for sustain. If the data value is greater than 64 then the pedal is depressed, if less than 64, it is released. Real players use a large pneumatic bellows, the disclavier uses a large damped solenoid. It is possible that there are rolls of some kind. The instruments are mechanical organs and reproduce the music. Such mechanical instruments might have mechanical percussion as well as organ pipes and bellows. It isn't specified from the record distributor but such instruments could be activated by paper rolls, or perhaps a metal disc or rotating drum which activated the pneumatic (air powered) organ. Similar pneumatic organ instruments can sometimes be seen at state fairs or amusement parks in ornate carts, or in older pizza parlors or within traditional merry-go-rounds. The Pianomation system is another way of playing music on a real piano. The technology used in the Pianomation system is somewhat similar to the player piano in that there is a striking force that allows the piano hammer to hit the string. There are solenoids that activate the movement of the hammer in the Pianomation system whereas in the player piano system there are pneumatics that collapse, thereby activating the hammer. The player piano system uses paper rolls. The pianomation system uses a floppy disc. Both systems use on-off technology to activate the piano hammers. Both systems accomplish the same task, that of playing the piano. The final product, the sound of the piano being played, depends on the skill of the person who produced the piece of music. But music for pianomation does not come from original reproducing rolls. And it’s not really reproducing system.