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 Nationalism
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incorporated culture into music.
Until now, French, German, and Italian music
dominated.
THE MIGHTY FIVE
 Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908)
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Wrote “Scheherazade” and “Cappriccio
Espagnol”
 Modest
Mussorgsky (1839-1881)
 Alexander Borodin (1833-1887)
 Cesar Cui (1835-1918)
 Mily Balakirev (1837-1910)
 Wanted
to promote Russian music
 Used native instruments, folklore, legends,
history, and folksongs.
The Mighty Five EXCLUDED Peter Ilyich
Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) because he was too
cosmopolitan.
 Composed
Overture
The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, 1812
Impressionism avoids clear
lines, is blurred, and subtle.
It is connected to art –
impressionistic paintings by
Monet, van Gogh, etc.
 Claude
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Debussy (1862-1918)
Born in Paris, France
Studied piano and composition at the Paris
Conservatory
 Maurice
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Ravel (1875-1937)
Studied composition at the Paris Conservatory
Was denied the Prix de Rome FOUR times and
was outraged
Drove the ambulance at the front lines of WWI
Friends with George Gershwin (jazz influence)
 Neoclassicism
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New music inspired by the Baroque and Classical
periods
(1882-1971)
Born in St. Petersburg,
Russia
Father was a bass in the
St. Petersburg opera,
but urged Stravinsky to
pursue a more practical
career.
Stravinsky studied law,
then composition at the
St. Petersburg
Conservatory with
Rimsky-Korsakov.
 Composed
for the Ballet Russe (important
ballet company in Russia)
 Escaped to Switzerland during the war
 1920 – Lived in France
 1939 – WWII (death of his daughter, wife, and
mother)
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Moved to the US to lecture at Harvard
After 1 year, he moved to LA, became a US
citized in 1945.
 1969
– Moved to NYC (died there)
 Wrote
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many ballets including:
Rite of Spring
Firebird
 Atonal
Music
 Rejection of Impressionism
 Expressed one’s “inner world” as described
by Freud
 Main
Composer was Arnold Schoenberg (18741951)
 Born
in Vienna
 Violin, Composed
 He was self-taught
 Served in WWI
 Known
for his 12 tone method – atonal, used
12 note tone rows
 1925 – Professor at Berlin Academy of the
Arts
 Compositions include string music, operas,
piano music; “Pierrot Lunaire”
 Everyday
sounds as music
 Never the same twice

John Cage – wrote a piece called 4 min 33 sec
 George
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Gershwin (1898-1937)
Russian-Jewish immigrant parents
Born in Brooklyn, NY
Excelled in sports
1910 – started piano lessons
Jobs – earned $15/week playing piano and was a
song plugger for Remick Music Co.
Compositions – musical theater and jazz

Porgy & Bess, Rhapsody in Blue, I Got Rhythm
“I Got Rhythm”
 Aaron
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Copland (1900-1990)
Born Brooklyn, NY
Russian-Jewish Parents
Studied music as a child, then in Paris
1924 – Returned to the US
Wanted to compose music that would be
identified as “Americana” and appeal to a
variety of audiences
Used Jazz and Folk Songs in his music
“American Nationalism”
Compositions include: Rodeo, Appalachain
Spring, Fanfare for the Common Man, Billy the
Kid
 Leonard
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Bernstein (1918-1990)
Born in Massachusets
Parents were Russian Immigrants
Age 10 – piano, Age 13 – First piano recital and
barmitzvah (dad gave him a baby grand piano)
Music major at Harvard
Met Aaron Copland (composition advisor)
Studied at Curtis Institute in Philly (PA)
Conductor of the NY Philharmonic and substitute
conductor at Carnegie Hall
Wrote West Side Story, ballets, Candide
Died of cancer (smoker) in NYC in 1990