Download Chapter 2 Part 2

Chapter 2 Part 2
Pages 34 – 42
Chemical Compounds of the
Cell
compounds – these
compounds do not contain chains
of carbons
 Organic compounds – these
compounds do contain chains of
carbon
 Inorganic
Inorganic Compounds
types of inorganic compounds –
these are held together by ionic
bonds
1.Water
2.Salts
3.Acids
4.Bases
4
1. Water – 70% of Total Body
Mass
A. Universal solvent
*has capability to
dissolve more types of
solutes than any other
solvent.
B. Transport medium
*small size of water
molecule allows tiny
solutes like sodium
(Na) and chlorine (Cl)
to travel through body
easily
*plasma is made up
of 90% water.
Transports sugars,
vitamins, and oxygen
between blood stream
and body cells.
Water
C. High heat capacity
absorbs and releases
heat slowly
D. Effective lubricant
cavities around
heart and lungs and
abdominal organs
 joints between
bones
easy passage of
food through digestive
tract
2. Salts
* Ionizes when
in water
*These ions are
able to conduct
an electric
current so they
are called
electrolytes
*Examples of
electrolytes
*Na+, Cl- , K+ ,
Ca++ , Mg++, Po4-3
, Co3 –2
(carbonate),
HCo3-1
(bicarbonate)
3. Acids
*Molecules which release 1 or
+
more H ions when it ionizes in
water.
*Strong acids ionize completely
+
and release more H
4. Bases
 Molecules
which reduce
+
concentration of H ions in
solution.
Dissociation of Water
*The breakdown of
a water molecule
*H2O  H + +
OH- (hydroxide
ion)
*H+ + H2O 
H3O+ (hydronium
ion)
* If number of hydroxide
ions is greater than the
number of hydronium ions
then the solution is basic
(alkaline).
* If number of hydronium
ions is greater than the
number of hydroxide
ions then the solution is
acidic.
*If the number of hydroxide
ions is equal to the
number of hydronium ions
then the solution is
neutral.
Dissociation of Water
 The
human body requires these
to survive, but if the ionization
occurs too much, this could be
dangerous to the body. So the
body has buffers (chemical
substances) to react with strong
acids and bases to weaken them
and not harm the body.
The Ph Scale
 A table which measures the number of hydrogen
atoms released in a solution
0-----------------------7-------------------------14
(more acidic) (neutral)
(more alkaline)
(more H30+ ions)
(more OH- ions)
stomach acid
urine
intestinal fluid
lemon juice
distilled water
ammonia
hydrochloric acid
milk of magnesia
pH
of 4 has 10X more H30+ ions
than pH of 5 and 100X more H3O+
ions than a pH of 6. (Etc.)
 NaCl  Na+ + Cl(salt)
 HCl  H+ + Cl(acid)
 NaOH  Na+ + OH- (base)
 A pH
Questions 60-89
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Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are the building blocks
of most living structures and control most
functions. They contain 1 or more carbon
atoms. This is good because of its electron
arrangement which allows it to easily bond
with other carbon atoms and also atoms of
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and
phosphorous.
4 Basic Organic Compounds in
the Body
1. Carbohydrates
 2:1 ratio of H to O
2. Lipids
contains less oxygen than what
carbohydrates do
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
1. Carbohydrates
 2% of body cell mass
 Sugars and starches
glucose C6H12O6
sucrose C12H22O11
(table sugar)
*provide body with
easy source of energy
*combine with other
molecules for body
structure
3 Types of Carbohydrates
A.Monosaccharides
B.Disaccharides
C.Polysaccharides
A. Monosaccharides
*Main building
block of
carbohydrates
simple sugars
 3 – 7 C atoms, form
building block for
larger carbohydrates
 glucose (preferred by
cell), fructose, and
galactose
Glucose
C atomic number 6
 H atomic number 1
 O atomic number 8
 Straight chain vs.
ring structure (more
stable)
 Blood Sugar

B. Disaccharides
 2 monosaccharides
joined together
 A water molecule is
removed when bond is
formed (this is called a
dehydration reaction or
condensation reaction)
*Important in body
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 
H20 + C12H22O11



Glucose and glucose
yield maltose (malt
sugar)
Glucose and fructose
(fruit pie) yield
sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose and galactose
yield lactose (in milk)
C. Polysaccharides
 long chain of simple
sugars used by body to
store energy
 starch is 1 type
(chain of glucoses)
 glycogen is another
type (also glucose
chain)
*stored in muscle cells
and liver cells
2. Lipids
 Do not dissolve in
water
 Do dissolve in
organic substances
like alcohol,
chloroform, and ether
 Vital to body structure
and function
3 types of lipids:
A. Fats
B. Phospholipids
C. Steroids
(cholesterol)
A.Fats
 Known
as
Triglycerides
 Large molecules
 Building blocks
are 3 fatty acids
and 1 glycerol
(3:1 ratio)
Fats
 Body must break
down first before
use as glycerol and
fatty acid (most
concentrated form
of energy for body)
 Exist as solid or
liquid (room
Temp.)
Fats
 Saturated
fats
*long fatty acid chain,
only has single bonds
between carbon atoms.
Solid at room temp.
Found in animal
products (butter, meat
fat) - worst for
cholesterol.
Saturated Fat
Fats
 Unsaturated
fats
*short fatty acid chain
which has 1 or more
double carbon bonds.
Found in plants.
Liquid at room temp.
Common in cooking
oils (olive, peanut,
safflower, corn).
Unsaturated Fats
B. Phospholipids

 Similar to fats
structurally but have
only 2 fatty acid
chains and 1
phosphorous
containing group
which replaces the
third fatty acid
Important structural
component of cell
membranes
C. Steroids
 Ring structures
*cholesterol (most
important in body) is
one example
*synthesized in liver.
Also obtained from
eggs, meat and
cheeses. Also,
gallstones form from
cholesterol
 Required for cell
membrane structure,
vitamin D synthesis, and
production of steroid
hormones.
*Hormones are chemicals
which alter cell activity in
order to maintain
homeostasis. Can move
through cell membranes
easily. Part of endocrine
system. Cortisol is an
example.
Steroids
3. Proteins
 10% - 30% of total
cell mass
 basic structural
material for body and
used in body function
 made of C, H, O, and
N with a little P and S
Proteins
Amino acids are
building blocks of
proteins
*20 types of amino
acids. Bind with each
other and form long
chains
*when one amino acid
binds with another
amino acid, the
covalent bond is
known as a peptide
bond.




More than 10 amino acids
but under 50 is called a
polypeptide
More than 50 amino acids
is called a protein
Largest protein contains
about 50,000 amino acids
Each protein molecule has
a specific sequence of
amino acids which
determines the 3-D
structure and what its
function is.
Proteins


Structural protein vs.
Functional protein
Structural proteins
are stable, functional
proteins are not
Structural proteins
reinforce bones,
anchors body organs,
and found in cell
membranes. An
example is collagen.
Proteins

Functional proteins are
enzymes which act as
catalysts for body
activities. They (the
protein) do not
undergo any change
themselves. Other
examples are
antibodies (for
immunity) and protein
hormones (for growth
and development).

Also easily altered by
heat, radiation,
electricity and
chemicals.
Proteins
*Peptide bonds broken so 3-D
structure is changed and
ability of protein to carry out
its normal function is
changed (called
denaturation).
*An example is hemoglobin.
This is a functional protein
in the red blood cell of blood
which transports CO2 and
O2. If exposed to
temperatures over 105
degrees or a change in blood
pH (normal blood pH is 7.5),
the active site can no longer
carry O2
4. Nucleic acids
 Extremely large
molecules
 Holds
information to
determine structure
and function of cell
 Contains C, H, O,
N, and P.
 Nucleotides are the
building blocks
*Atoms are arranged 3
ways
1. 5-carbon sugar
2. phosphate group
(PO4-2)
3. nitrogenous base
 Nucleotides form
helical chain or linear
chains
3 Types of Nucleic Acids
 1.
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
 2. RNA ribonucleic acid
 3. ATP adenosine triphosphate
1. DNA
located in nucleus of
cell
contains hereditary
information (genes)
 determines structural
composition of
proteins
 contains 5-carbon
sugar deoxyribose




contains 4 nitrogen
bases
*adenine
*thymine
*cytosine
*guanine
 contains 1 phosphate
group (PO4-2)
2. DNA
 Made
up of 2
strands that are
twisted in a double
helix which is
stabilized by Hbonds between base
pairs.
* Base pairs are:
*A with T
*C with G
RNA
 Contains 5-carbon
sugar ribose
 Contains 4
nitrogen bases,
however uracil
replaces thymine.
 Made up of a single
strand
DNA vs. RNA
DNA
RNA
1. Deoxyribose sugar
Ribose sugar
2. Thymine
Uracil replaces thymine
3. Double helix
Straight chain
3. ATP
 Contains a 5-carbon ribose sugar
 Contains 3 phosphate groups (PO4-2).
 A nucleotide found in all living organisms
 Captures energy within its bonds and
stores it
 This energy is easily retrieved by body
ATP
 Similar to structure of
RNA but has 2 additional
phosphate groups with
ribose sugar
 The 3 phosphate groups
are attached by high
energy chemical bonds
called phosphate bonds.
When these bonds are
broken, energy is released
that can be immediately
used by the cell.
*ATP ADP + PO4-2 + E
 Note both directions.
Can form ATP for energy
storage or ADP to get the
energy.
 Cellular respiration is the
breakdown of the glucose
molecule. This Energy
drives the above reaction.
Review of all 4 Organic
Compounds in the Cell
Compound
Carbohydrates
elements
C,H,O
building blocks
simple sugars
Fats (Lipids)
C,H,O 3fatty acids and glycerol
Proteins
C,H,O,N,S,P
Nucleic Acids
C,H,O,N,P
amino acids
nucleotides
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