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Chapter 7 The Rise of Europe 500 – 1300 Chapter 7, Section 1 The Early Middle Ages Western Europe in Decline After the collapse of Rome, Western Europe went into a period of political, social, and economic decline From 500 – 1000 it was politically divided – Cut off from advanced civilizations in Middle East, China, and India Invaders swept through the region, trade slowed down, towns emptied, and education stopped Middle Ages This time period (approximately 500 – 1500) would become known as the Middle Ages The culture of the time would be called Medieval Latin term for Middle Ages Time period symbolizes the change from ancient times to modern times Germanic Kingdoms Goths, Vandals, Saxons and Franks were all German tribes that conquered Ancient Rome Culture was very different than Romans – Mostly farmers and herders – No cities – No written laws – Lived in smaller communities Franks Extend Power 486 Clovis (king of the Franks) conquered the Roman province of Gaul Gaul later became the kingdom of the France Clovis would convert to Christianity which was the religion of the people in Gaul – By doing this Clovis gained a powerful ally THE POPE Muslim Empire Threatens Europe Religion of Islam began in Arabia in the 600’s From this religion came a huge empire of people who followed Islam Muslim armies would overrun Christian lands in Palestine and North Africa – This alarmed the Church and Christian kingdoms very much Battle of Tours 732 Muslim army crosses in France Charles Martel rallied the Frankish troops Christian warriors would be victorious at the Battle of Tours The Christians believed their victory was a sign from God that he was on their side Age of Charlemagne 768 Grandson of Charles Martel – Becomes King of France Briefly united Western Europe – Built an empire reaching across France, Germany, and part of Italy (present day) This man was also named Charles, became known as Charlemagne which means “Charles the Great” Age of Charlemagne Charlemagne reigned for almost 50 years Spent much of that time fighting other groups – Muslims in Spain – Saxons in the North – Avars and Slavs in the East – Lombards in Italy New Emperor for Romans 799 Pope Leo III asks Charlemagne for help against rebelling nobles in Rome Charlemagne sent people to arrest anyone against Pope Leo Pope Leo showed his appreciation by making Charlemagne the new Emperor of Rome – This took place on Christmas Day, year 800 New Emperor for Romans Declaring Charlemagne emperor outraged people in Constantinople (eastern Roman Empire) Eastern emperor saw himself as the sole ruler of Rome – Felt this way because when the Western Empire was declining, his Eastern Empire had been flourishing – This caused a major split in the Roman Empire Unifying the Christian Empire Charlemagne wanted to unite all of Christian Europe He helped spread Christianity by working closely with the Church – Spread the religion to conquered people just outside of his empire – Charlemagne appointed powerful nobles to rule over local regions within the empire Revival of Learning Charlemagne saw education as another way to unify his kingdom – He could read but not write Saw a need for officials to keep accurate records and write clear reports He encouraged the creation of schools Brought many of the best scholars in Europe to the Palace School Europe after Charlemagne 814 Charlemagne dies…his son Louis I takes the throne – Louis’ sons would later battle for power 843 Charlemagne’s grandsons create the Treaty of Verdun which split the empire into 3 regions Charlemagne left a lasting legacy by extending Christian civilization into Northern Europe New Waves of Invasions Charlemagne’s successors faced many new threats and invasions Muslim forces posed a major threat to Christian Europe – Late 800’s Muslims conquered Sicily which became a thriving center for Muslim culture – It wasn’t until the 900’s that Muslim attacks began to stop The Vikings Vikings were independent farmers ruled by land – owning chieftains (leaders) – Vikings were also expert sailors These people were responsible for breaking the last threads of Charlemagne’s empire Year 1000 Vikings set up a colony in North America – Opened up several trade routes that linked northern Europe to Mediterranean lands Review 1) Charlemagne thought which of the following could help unify his empire? A B C D 2) Slavery Education Art Sports Charlemagne spent time fighting against all of the following groups except? A B C D Lombards Saxons Muslims Americans Chapter 7, Section 2 Feudalism and Manor Economy Feudalism Develops Because of invasions by several groups (Vikings, Muslims, etc.) people needed protection for themselves, their land, etc. Leads to the development of Feudalism – Feudalism loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords The way this government was practiced varied from place to place Mutual Agreements In exchange for land, the lesser lords (vassals) pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord This was established by custom and tradition This agreement became known as the Feudal Contract The World of Knights and Nobles Warfare was a way of life for medieval nobles Rival lords battled constantly for power Several nobles began training during childhood for a future occupation as a knight – Knight mounted warrior – Some would begin training at age seven Knights and Warfare If a boy were to become a knight he would be sent to his father’s lords’ castle He would learn to ride horses and fight Also learned to keep armor and weapons in very good condition – Any laziness was punished with a beating After training was complete, the boy attended a public ceremony and now was a knight Castles and Defense 1100’s monarchs and nobles owned very large castles with high wall, towers, drawbridges, etc. Knights who worked for the nobles would defend the castle These knights also lived in these castles During war it was very important that the castle was not attacked Noblewomen Noblewomen played active roles in the warrior society While husbands were fighting, the wives took over his duties on the manor – Supervise vassals – Manage household – Perform agricultural tasks – Also perform medical tasks Noblewomen Although women had several responsibilities, the inheritance of the estate usually went to the eldest son A woman could receive some land if she was a widow with no children A noblewoman was expected to have several children and be dutiful to her husband Manors Support Feudalism Heart of feudal economy was the manor (lord’s estate) – Most manors included one or two villages and surrounding lands Most peasants were called serfs not considered slaves but were also not free either – Serfs could be bought and sold and were bound to the land Lords and Peasants Had mutual obligations to each other Peasants would: – Farm lord’s land several days a week – Repair roads, bridges, fences, etc – Have to ask lord’s permission to marry In return the lord’s would: – Let the peasants farm a small piece of land for themselves – Protect the peasants from warfare Peasant Life Life was harsh for men, women and children Worked from sunup to sundown Disease was common in peasant life Few lived longer than 35 years Still found time to celebrate life – Peasants had a week off at Christmas and Easter Review 1) A loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords is called: A B C D 2) Feudalism Manor life Democracy Monarchy In return for peasants’ work, a lord would do all of the following except? A B C Protect peasants from warfare Let the peasants decide who to marry Give them a small piece of land to farm Chapter 7, Section 3 The Medieval Church Church Dominates Life During Middle Ages, Church converted many diverse people in Western Europe to Christianity – Most important achievement By late Middle Ages, Western Europe had become a Christian civilization – Anyone not in the church community was viewed with suspicion Role of the Priest Priest of the parish was often the only contact people had with the Church The priest celebrated the mass and administered sacraments the sacred rites of the Church – Christians believed that participating in masses and sacraments would lead them to salvation or everlasting life with God Village Church Church was a social center as well as a place of worship – Largest public gatherings often took place in the Church The main events of each person’s life took place in the Church – Baptism – Marriages – Funerals Village Church People in the villages took pride in their Church and decorated it with care Some villages had enough money to build stone buildings rather than use wood The Church required people to pay a tax (1/10 of their income) – This money supported local parish or was sent directly to Rome Women in the Church The Church tried to protect women – Mary (mother of Jesus) was the ideal woman The Church set a minimum age for marriage Church courts could fine men for seriously hurting their wives However, women were punished more harshly than men for similar crimes Monasteries and Convents Some men and women chose to devote their entire lives to the Church – They became monks or nuns 530 monk named Benedict organized the monastery of Monte Cassino in Italy – Benedictine Rule used to by monasteries and convents across Europe Monks and nuns had to take three vows Three Vows 1. Obedience - to the abbot or abbess who headed the monastery 2. Poverty – money was not important 3. Chastity and purity – becoming pure for God Each day was broken up into periods of work, worship, and study Church Power Grows Pope is the spiritual leader in the Western Christian World during Middle Ages Medieval popes would declare Papal Supremacy authority over all secular rulers (kings and emperors included) The church would develop its own body of laws known as Canon Law – Also developed its own courts Canon Law Based on religious teachings Governed many aspects of life – Wills, marriages, morals, ethics, etc. Anyone who disobeyed Canon Law would be punished The most severe punishment was Excommunication could not receive Christian burial and were condemned to hell Corruption and Reform Many clergy (members of the church – monks, nuns, etc) began living in luxury – This was against their vow of poverty 1073 Gregory VII became pope – Wanted to reform some areas of the Church He insisted the Church alone select its own officials (priests, bishops, etc) – This sparked conflict with German emperor Jews in Medieval Europe During Middle Ages Jewish communities existed all across Europe Christians and Jews lived side by side for many years Late 1000s Western Europe becoming more Christianized and prejudice against Jews – Jews were blamed for bad things happening – Illness, famine, etc. Chapter 7, Section 4 Economic Recovery Sparks Change Agricultural Revolution Technology improves farming – Iron plows were an improvement for farmers – Faster horses were used to push the plows Production and Population grow – Between 1000 and 1300 population in Europe tripled – More land was used on manors to grow crops (less for peasants’ personal use) Revival of Trade and Travel 1100s as population was growing, conflict and foreign invasions had declined People felt safer and began to travel more Traders began to travel all over Europe to meet the needs of the people 1200s German towns along the Baltic Sea formed the Hanseatic League association that protected trading rights Commercial Revolution As trade increased so did the use of money for investment (capital) Banking houses began holding money for people and merchants extended credit to each other – Arranged agreement to delay payment for goods for set amount of time Beginnings of Modern Business Europeans began developing new ways of doing business to meet the people’s needs Partnerships were formed – Pooled funds of multiple people to finance a large scale venture – These ventures were expensive for one person Society Begins to Change As the economy was changing so was society By 1300 most peasants were either tenant farmers (paid rent for their land) or hired farm laborers The Church did not agree with the idea of “interest” on money – Did not allow Christians to loan money with interest Rise of Middle Class A new social class emerged which included merchants, traders and artisans This social class ranked in between nobles and peasants (it was called Middle Class) Nobles were not in favor of this rising middle class because they did not agree with the way they made money (interest) Role of Guilds Guilds associations formed by merchants and artisans (merchant guilds were formed first) Guilds could pass laws and also collect taxes in the towns of Europe Artisans eventually resented the merchants guilds and formed their own associations Role of Guilds Artisans guilds represented workers in the same occupation – Bakers guild, Goldsmiths guild, Weavers guild The members of guilds cooperated to protect their own economic interests – They made rules to protect the quality of goods – They also limited guild membership Town and City Life Medieval towns and cities were surrounded by high, protective walls As the towns grew, the space within the walls began overflowing and people settled outside the walls in tall houses – These houses had multiple floors with several dangers within them (fire, sanitary, etc.) Review 1) Between 1000 and 1300 the population in Europe did what? – – – – A B C D Doubled Decreased tremendously Increased slightly Tripled 2) Artisans’ guilds represented which of the following? A Artisans in the same family B C D Artisans in the same town Artisans in the same occupation Artisans in the same school