Download Chapter 8 Notes - Martin`s Mill ISD

Chapter 8 Notes
The Rise of Europe
Section 1
The Early Middle Ages
Geography of Western Europe
Medieval –
New civilization emerged blending GrecoRoman, Germanic, and Christian
traditions.
Location
– Giant landmass stretching from
Portugal to the Ural Mountains in
Russia
– Second smallest in land area
Resources
– Frontier –
– Dense forests, rich soil better
suited for crops than those of the
Mediterranean; seas for food and
transportation
– Large rivers and streams ideal for
trade and also used for water
wheels.
The Germanic Kingdoms
Germanic Tribes
– Farmers and herders
– No cities or written laws; lived in small communities governed by
unwritten customs
– Elected kings to guide in war; nobles swore loyalty to king in
exchange for weapons and loot
The Franks
– Made Western Europe into small kingdoms; strongest was the
Franks
– AD 486, King Clovis conquered Gaul; ruled according to
Frankish customs but preserved Roman legacy
– Clovis converted to Christianity and earned support of Gaul and
Christian Church in Rome
The Germanic Kingdoms
Europe and the Muslim World
– Muslims, or believers in
Islam, built a huge empire and
created a new civilization
– Overran Christian lands from
Palestine to North Africa to
Spain
– Battle of Tours (732)
Frankish warriors rallied
against the Muslims; were led
by Charles Martel
Believed victory meant God
was on their side; viewed the
Muslim world with hostility for
years to come.
The Age of Charlemagne
Charlemagne, or Charles the
Great (c. AD 800)
– Built an empire across France,
Germany, and part of Italy
– Reunited much of the old Roman
empire
A Christian Emperor
– Charlemagne crushed rebellion of
nobles in Rome; the pope showed
his gratitude by naming him
emperor of the Romans
– Significance: Christian pope
crowned a German king as
Roman emperor; revived ideal of
united Christian community
– Outraged emperor of eastern
Roman empire who thought he
was the sole ruler; widened the
split between E. and W. Christian
worlds
The Age of Charlemagne
Government
– Helped spread Christianity to conquered peoples; used
missionaries
– Appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions; gave them land
to support them and soldiers for armies.
– Missi dominici -
Revival of Learning
– Wanted to make Aachen a “second Rome”
– Tried to revive Latin learning into empire; founded a school at
Aachen under the respected scholar, Alcuin of York
– curriculum –
– Included grammar, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music,
astronomy; copied ancient manuscripts including the Bible; this
system became educational model for medieval Europe
After Charlemagne
Died in AD 814
– Heirs fought for power for 30
years; came up with Treaty of
Verdun that split empire into 3
regions
Legacy of Charlemagne
– Extended Christian civilization to
Northern Europe and blended
German, Roman, and Christian
traditions; strong efficient
governments
A New Wave of Invasions
– Muslims conquered Sicily
– Magyars – nomadic people from
Hungary; overran E. Europe and
plundered Germany, France, and
Italy
– Vikings – expert sailors from
Scandinavia; looted and burned
communities along coasts and
rivers in Europe; explored and
traded throughout Med. Sea and
the Atlantic ocean
Section 2
Feudalism and the Manor
Economy
The Emergence of Feudalism VassalsMutual Obligations
– Feudal Contract –
Lord grants vassal a fief –
Protected vassal; vassal
pledged loyalty to lord
Provide lord 40 days of
military service, money
payments, advice
A Structured Society
– Monarch
– Powerful Lords – dukes
and counts; held largest
fiefs
– Vassals
The World of Nobles
Achieving Knighthood
– left home at age 7 to go to
castle of a lord; learned to
fight and ride; keep armor and
weapons in good condition
– Training difficult and discipline
strict; after “dubbing” young
knight to place with others
– Tournaments -
Castles
– Lords fortified homes from
attack
– Strongholds included a keep,
wooden tower ringed by a
fence and a moat
– Eventually larger and grander;
stone with high walls and
drawbridges
The World of Nobles
Noblewoman
– Played active role in society; became “lady of the manor” when
husband left for war
– Supervised vassals, managed household, agricultural and
medical tasks
– Land usually passed to eldest son; land was part of dowry
– Sent off at young age to learn to spin and weave and supervise
servants; some learned to read and write; bear many children for
the husband
Chivalry –
– Brave, loyal, and true
– Fight fair in battle; treat captives well; protect and cherish women
– Troubadours –
Shaped western ideas of romantic love
Peasants and Manor Life
Manor –
Serfs –
Mutual Obligations
– Peasants and lords tied together by mutual rights and obligations
– Peasants worked several days a week on lords farms; repaired
roads, bridges, fences
– Paid the lord a fee for marriage, land inheritance, to use local
mill for grain; usually paid with products (barter)
– Peasants had right to farm several acres for themselves; entitled
to lord’s protection from raids and warfare; could not be forced
off (guaranteed food, housing, and land
Peasants and Manor Life
A Self-Sufficient World
– Peasants produce almost everything needed (food, clothing,
tools); no schooling or knowledge of world outside of the manor
– Typical Manor: few dozen huts, water mill, tiny church, manor
house; fields in narrow strips divided among peasants
Peasant Life
– Life was harsh; worked sunup to sundown
– Ate simply diet of bread and vegetables (seldom any meat);
could fish in nearby river or stream
– Family and animals slept in one room hut
– Worked according to season
– Disease took heavy toll; died around 35 years old
– Christmas and Easter festivals, get the week off
Section 3
The Medieval Church
The Church and Medieval Life
- The Church’s most important achievement was to Christianize the
diverse peoples of Western Europe
The Parish Priest
– Usually the only contact people had with the Church
– Cared for the souls through mass and the sacraments –
Belief in God and participation in the sacraments lead to eternal life
– Preached Gospels and teachings of Christ, issues of values and morals;
helped the sick and needy
– Married peasants and nobles, baptized children, buried the dead
The Village Church
–
–
–
–
Social center and place of worship; some priests ran schools
Took pride in their churches, decorated them; some housed relics
Tithe –
Daily life revolved around Christian calendar; “holy days”
The Church and Medieval Life
Views of Women
– Men and women were equal before God, but on Earth
women were weak and easily led into sin; needed the
guidance of men.
– Mary, the mother of Jesus, was the ideal woman,
modest and pure; people asked Mary to pray to God
for them.
– Church set minimum age for marriage; Church courts
fined men who seriously injured their wives, but
punished woman more harshly for the same offense
Monks and Nuns
- These people devoted their lives
to spiritual goals
The Benedictine Rule
– AD 530 – a monk named
Benedict organized the
monastery of Monte Cassino
– Made set of rules to regulate
monastic life; was used by
monasteries across Europe
Obedience to the abbot or
abbess, who headed the
monastery or convent
Poverty
chastity
– Days were divided into periods
for worship, work, and study
Monks and nuns did manual
labor
Monks and Nuns
A Life of Service
– Monks and nuns looked after the poor and sick, education, gave food
and lodging to travelers
– Some became missionaries; St. Patrick set up the Irish Church
– Church honored many missionaries declaring them saints
Centers of Learning
– Preserved writings of the ancient world; copied ancient works as form of
labor
– Taught classics of Greek and Latin works; Venerable Bede wrote the
earliest known history of England and introduced use of B.C. and A.D.
Convents
– Women could not become priests but could live in convents to escape
limits of society
– In later Middle Ages, nuns were stripped of preaching the Gospels and
frowned upon too much learning for women
The Power of the Church Grows
- Secular The Church and Feudal Society
– as the representatives of Christ on Earth, popes
claimed papal supremacy –
– Pope headed army of clergymen who supervised
church activities
High Clergy – bishops and archbishops
Usually nobles, some had own territories
the pope had vast lands in C. Italy called the Papal States
– Churchmen were often the only educated people and
were appointed to high government positions
The Power of the Church Grows
Religious Authority
– Many people believed that the only way to avoid Hell was to go
to Church and participate in the sacraments; this allowed the
Church to have absolute power in religious matters
– Canon law –
Applied to teachings, clergy, marriage, and morals; anyone who
disobeyed was penalized
– Excommunication –
– Interdict -
A Force for Peace
– Church tried to use power to stop feudal warfare
– Could not fight between Friday and Sunday and on religious
holidays
Reform Movements
As Church wealth and power grew, discipline weakened
– Some monks and nuns were left land and wealth, ignored vow of
poverty
– Allowed to marry and spent more time with their families than the
Church
Cluniac Reforms
– Abbot Berno of Cluny – set out to end abuses
Revived Benedictine Rule
No longer allowed nobles to interfere in monastery affairs
Filled monasteries with men devoted to religious pursuits
– AD 1073, Pope Gregory VII
Extended Cluniac reforms to entire Church
Outlawed marriage for priests; prohibited simony –
Called on Christians to renew their faith
Insisted Church choose officials, not nobles or kings
Reform Movements
Preaching Orders
– Francis of Assisi and Dominic
Francis left a good life to preach the
Gospel and teach by example; set
up the Franciscan order to promote
poverty, humility, and love of God
Dominic set up the Dominican order
to combat heresy by teaching
official Roman Catholic beliefs
– Most convents only accepted wellborn women whose families gave a
dowry to the Church
Beguines – religious group that
welcomed women without wealth to
enter the convent; helped poor and
set up hospitals and shelters
Jews in Europe
In early Middle Ages, Jews lived peacefully
among Muslims and Christians; had a huge
settlement in Muslim controlled Spain
Late 1000’s – Christians began persecuting
Jews
– Felt they were responsible for Jesus’ death
– Forbid Jews to own land or do many occupations
– Anti-semitism –
Blamed Jews for disasters, sickness, famine, economic woes
– Many Jews migrated to E. Europe where they were
welcomed for skills and knowledge; thrived until
modern times
Section 4
Economic Expansion and
Change
An Agricultural Revolution
New Technologies
– Iron plows replaced wooden plows
to better suit heavy soil of N.
Europe
– New harnesses for animals to pull
plows; horses worked faster than
oxen; peasants able to enlarge
fields
– Windmill; no fast-moving streams
for water mill to grind grain
Expanding Production
– Lords pushed peasants to clear
forests, drain swamps, and
reclaim wasteland for grazing and
farming to increase income
– Went to a three field system
instead of two field; planted one
field with grain, second with peas
and beans, and third unplanted
– These improvements allowed
farmers to produce more food;
population grew; between 1000
and 1300 Europe doubled
Trade Revives
New Trade Routes
– Formed merchant companies to trade local goods for those of
Middle East and Asia; Chinese silk, Byzantine gold jewelry, Asian
spices; look at routes on pg. 198
– Northern Europeans paid for goods with honey, furs, cloth, tin,
lead
Trade Fairs
– Took place each year near navigable rivers or trade crossroads
– Peasants traded farm goods and animals
– Luxuries such as swords, sugar, and silks for nobles or wealthy
churchmen
– Had entertainment of jugglers, acrobats, etc.
Trade Revives
New Towns
– Merchants stayed in villages during winter months;
artisans brought them goods to sell; these towns
developed into first real cities
– Some reached populations of 10,000 – 100,000;
largest since Roman times; mainly centers of trade in
N. Italy and Flanders
– Charter –
Protected merchants interest; they would pay a fee in return
to the lord or king
– Granted townspeople right to choose ruler and control
own affairs; anyone who lived in a town for a year and
a day was free
A Commercial Revolution
- Money reappeared with trade; capital –
- Spurred growth of banking houses
New Business Practices
– Partnership –
Made capital more easily available; reduced risk of
investment in company
– Developed system of insurance to help
reduce risks; small fee
– Bill of exchange –
Adopted this practice from Middle Eastern traders
A Commercial Revolution
Social Changes
– Use of money undermined serfdom; peasants paid in
cash not labor; most became tenant farmers –
– Middle class –
– Nobles thought towns were disruptive influence
beyond their control; clergy felt profits from usury
were immoral
– Church forbade Christians to lend money; Jews who
were barred from other professions became
moneylenders; led to the rise of anti-Semitism
Role of Guilds
Merchant Guilds
– Dominated town life; passed laws and levied taxes; in charge of
town repairs or improvements (protective walls, town hall)
Craft Guilds
– Each guild represented workers in each occupation
– Struggles between guilds led to riots
– Members cooperated to protect own economic interests
Limited membership in guild
Only members could work in any trade
Protect quality of goods
Regulate hours of labor, and set prices
Provided social services (schools, hospitals)
Pledged support for widows and orphans of members
Role of Guilds
Becoming a Guild Member
– At age 7 or 8, child becomes an apprentice –
– Spends 7 years learning the trade; receives no wages but given
room and board
– Very few became guild masters unless related to one; most were
journeyman -
Women and the Guild
– Often engaged in same trade as father or husband
Might inherit if they died
Kept shop going and going and could become guild master herself
– Young girls became apprentices in ribbon making, papermaking,
or surgery
– Women dominated some trades such as silk and wool guilds
Town and City Life
Medieval Town and Cities
– Surrounded by high walls; overcrowding would lead
people to settling in outside fields; new walls put up
every few years
– Narrow streets, tall houses, great cathedral, guild hall
– Day time
Streets filled with buyers and sellers; merchants and their
servants
– Night time
Unlit streets became deserted
– No garbage dump or sanitation, all left in the street;
remained filthy, smelly, noisy, and crowded