Download Chapter 11-1: Preparing For War

Preparing for War
Lesson 11-1
Preparing for War Objectives:
The Main Idea
The attack on Fort Sumter led both the North and the South
to prepare for war in earnest.
Reading Focus
• How did the fall of Fort Sumter lead to war?
• Why did many northerners and southerners eagerly rush to war?
• Why was the loyalty of the border states important, and how did
Lincoln obtain it?
• What were the Union and Confederate goals and strategies for
the war?
Review
• Who was U.S. president during most
of the Civil War?
• What advantages did the North have
over the South at the outset of the
Civil War?
• What was the primary cash crop in
the South when the southern states
seceded from the Union?
Bell Ringer
Robert E. Lee was born into one of America’s most
respected families. His father had fought in the
Revolutionary War and was a delegate to the Continental
Congress. A cousin of Robert’s signed the Declaration of
Independence. Robert E. Lee graduated first in his class
from West Point and became a successful army officer.
Although Lee was devoted to the Union, he was also loyal
to hishome state of Virginia. When Virginia seceded, Lee
followed his loyalty, leading a Confederate army against
his former commander in chief.
The Fall of Fort Sumter
• Crisis at Fort Sumter
– Commander Robert Anderson sent the message to Lincoln that
Confederate leaders were demanding surrender or would
attack.
– Low on supplies, Fort Sumter remained in Union hands. The
fort was very symbolic to both sides.
– Lincoln would not surrender the fort, but would send food and
other nonmilitary supplies.
– Jefferson Davis would decide whether to attack and go to war
or allow the symbol of federal authority to remain.
• The attack on the fort
– Davis ordered a surprise attack before the supplies could
arrive.
– On April 12, 1891, the Confederate artillery opened fire on the
fort, and an outgunned Fort Sumter surrendered the next day.
The Rush to War
Response in the
North
• Lincoln calls for 75,000
volunteers
• 90 days’ service to put
down the rebellion
• Lincoln’s political enemy
Stephen Douglas supports
the action, “There can be
no neutrals in this war,
only patriots—or traitors”
• Northerners rush to enlist
Reaction in the South
• With call for volunteers,
the eight remaining Union
slave states now forced to
choose a side
• Union slave states refused
to provide troops to fight
against fellow southerners
• Confederate states ready
to call up men
• First Virginia, then
Arkansas, Tennessee, and
North Carolina secede
Analyzing Primary Sources
The men with the
bayonets
and swords represent
the
Confederate army
Border States
• Border States
– Slaveholding states that remained in the Union and formed the border with the
Confederacy
• Delaware
– Had few slaves and most people believed they would stay in the Union
• Martial Law
– Rule by the military
The Border States
Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, & Missouri
Maryland critical—Washington, D.C., at risk surrounded by
Confederate territory. Martial law declared and new
elections held to ensure pro-Union state legislature
Missouri important—strategic access to the lower
Mississippi River. Divided loyalties but never enough
secessionist support to withdraw from the Union
Kentucky necessary—the Ohio River border left the Union
open to the threat of invasion. The governor refused to take
sides, but the state sided with the Union after Confederate
troops invaded in September 1861.
These divided loyalties meant citizens fought on both sides.
Goals and Strategies
Union Goals
Confederate Goals
• Needed to be carefully
defined
• South wanted to be
left alone with slavery
unchanged
• War could not center
around the dispute
over slavery—border
states pushed to
secede
• Fight for patriotic
reasons—to save the
Union
• Prepared to defend
themselves against
invasion
• Felt northerners
would soon tire of war
and withdraw
• Last less than 90 days
Goals and Strategies
• Larger population = more available soldiers
The
North’s
Strategy
• With more factories, could produce war supplies
• General Winfield Scott’s plan—slowly seal the South
off from the rest of the world—Anaconda plan
• Blockade ports & control the Mississippi
• Newspapers pushed “On to Richmond,”
• War of attrition- fight until other side gives up
The
South’s
Strategy
• Ardent support for the cause made up for lack of
resources
• Fighting for freedom and their homeland—¾ of the
population did not hold slaves
• They were convinced of their military superiority—
many army officers were southerners.
Goals and Strategies
Southerners were convinced that France and Great Britain
wanted a guaranteed supply of cotton and counted on this
cotton diplomacy as a foreign-policy tool.
The Confederacy embargoed cotton to force the issue of
recognition as an independent nation when the English and
French hesitated.
Cotton diplomacy failed for many reasons:
- The British resented the attempt at blackmail.
- Southern cotton was stockpiled from the year before.
- Higher prices encouraged other countries to grow the crop.
Both sides continued to try to gain/block foreign involvement
throughout the conflict.