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Benchmark Review 26.1 • Refracting- Galileo, uses lenses, and can’t be made large. Distorts images. • Reflecting- Newton, uses mirrors, and can be made in many sizes. 26.2 • No atmosphere to interfere. 26.3 • Rotating 26.4 • 24 26.5 • Very small amount 26.6 • • • • • • • aphelion: earth farthest from the sun (July) perihelion: earth closest to sun (January) galaxy: a collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity rotation: earth spinning once every 24 hrs solstice: sun at highest/lowest point in sky depending on season revolution: 1 complete circle around the sun 365 ¼ days equinox: earth is neither titled towards or away from the sun 12 hrs night/day everywhere 26.6 cont. • UV radiation: means “beyond the violet” and has wavelengths shorter than waves of visible light. • Astronomy: scientific study of the universe • Infrared radiation: means “below the red. ”Infrared is radiation that has waves longer than waves of visible light. 26.7 • Different wavelengths 26.8 • Equinoxes- Spring (Vernal), March 21st 0 Degrees, Equator….. Fall (Autumnal), September 21st/22nd 0 degrees, Equator • Solstices- Summer, June 21st, 23.5 degrees N, Tropic of Cancer…… Winter, December 21st, 23.5 degrees S, Tropic of Capricorn. 26.9 • 12 and 12 26.10 • A- Summer B-Spring (Vernal), and C Winter 26.11 • Columbia and Challenger 26.12 • False… has to do with tilt 26.13 • In June the farther North you go the more hours of daylight you will have. 27.1 • Gravity- The force that exists between two bodies in the universe • Planet- Any of the 8 primary bodies that orbit the sun • Orbital Period- The time required for a body to complete a single orbit • Solar Nebula- A rotating cloud of gas and dust that gave rise to the Earth’s solar system 27.1 Cont. • Planetesimal- A small body from which a planet originated in the solar system’s early development. • Protoplanet- A large body formed when planetesimals joined together. 27.2 • Geocentric- Earth Centered Aristotle • Heliocentric- Sun Centered Copernicus 27.3 • Longer 27.4 • Law 1: Law of Ellipses. Planets travel in an elliptical (oval) shape around the sun • Law 2: Law of Equal Areas. (Speed) The closer the planet is to the sun that faster it will go around the sun because of the gravitational pull of the sun. • Law 3: Law of Periods. (Distance) The closer the planet is to the sun the less distance is has to move to go around the sun. 27.5 • 1. Revised the reflective telescope and uses it to discover the moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and craters on the moon. Galileo • 2. Proposed the geocentric model of the solar system Aristotle • 3. Proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system Copernicus 27.5 Cont. • 4. Predicts motions of the sun, moon, stars, and planets. Ptolemy • 5. Proposed the three laws of planetary motion. Protégé to Brahe. Kepler • 6. Discovered that comets were further from the Earth than the moon. Gathered years of precise observational data with minimal equipment. Brahe 27.6 • Wandering Stars 27.7 • Kepler 27.8 • Terrestrial- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars (inner 4) • Jovian- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (outer 4) 27.9 • Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 28.1 • Maria (Mare)- a large, dark area of lunar basalt. • Crater- a bowl-shaped depression that forms on an object when another object strikes it. • Moon- a smaller natural body that orbits the sun • Satellite- a smaller natural or artificial body that revolves around a planet ex. our moon • Regolith- layer of crushed rock and dust on the moon’s surface. 28.1 Cont. • Apogee- the point when a satellite is at its farthest point from Earth in its orbit around Earth. • Perigee-the point when a satellite is at its closest point from Earth in its orbit around Earth. • Barycenter- the balance point of the EarthMoon system. 28.1 Cont. • Comet- a small body of rock, ice, and dust that follows an elliptical orbit around the solar system. • Asteroid- a small, rocky object that orbits the sun with a planet-like composition. • Umbra- the inner cone shaped part of the shadow where the sunlight in completely blocked. • Penumbra- outer part of the shadow where the sunlight is partially blocked. 28.1 Cont • Oort Cloud- Area were scientists think that most comets originated from. Located beyond the orbit of the former planet Pluto. • Kuiper Belt- area where small objects orbit the sun. Beyond the orbit of Neptune. Pluto is in the Kuiper Belt the majority of its orbit. 28.2 • • • • • • • • 1. 1st Quarter (B) 2. Waxing Crescent (E) 3. New (F) 4. Waning Crescent (G) 5. 3rd Quarter (A) 6. Waning Gibbous (C) 7. Full (H) 8. Waxing Gibbous (D) 28.3 • 1. Impact- Mars sized object strikes Earth • 2. Debris- Debris from impact orbited Earth • 3. Debris eventually comes together to from moon 28.4 • Maria (Mare), regolith, rilles, and ridges 28.5 • Depths?- Near 60 km Far 100 Km • Why different depths?- gravitational pull of Earth. • We always see the near side • We always see the near side because of the similar Earth/Moon orbit. • Near side is smooth and far side is rough, cratered, and rocky (because of impacts) 28.6 • Gravitational. 12 and 12 28.7 • Apollo 28.8 • Sidereal- 27.3 Days • Synodic- 29.5 Days • This will not be on your test! 28.9 • Meteoroids- Floats around in space • Meterorites- Hit Earth • Meteors- Burns up in Earth’s atmosphere. 28.10 • • • • Stony, iron, and stony-iron. Most common- stony Least common- stony-iron Easiest to ID- Iron (its metallic) 28.11 • Comet- Dirty Snowball • Meteor- Shooting Star 28.12 • Every 76 Years! 28.13 • ELE- Extinction Level Event • NEO- Near Earth Object 28.14 • K-T Boundary • Walter Alverez • All over the world (initially found in Italy) • Chixalub (Devil’s Tail) off the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) 28.15 • Between Mars and Jupiter • A planet had started to form, but the gravitational pull of Jupiter was to strong. 28.16 • It has no atmosphere. Thus, it has no weather or erosion! 29.1 • Prominence- loop of incandescent gas that extends above the photosphere • Corona- the outermost layer of gases, just above the photosphere • Convective zone- the area between the radiative zone and the photosphere where energy is carried in an upward movement. 29.1 Cont. • Chromosphere- thin layer of gases, just above the photosphere. • Radiative Zone- the area between the core and the convective zone in which energy moves by radiation. • Photosphere- the visible layer of the sun. • Solar Flare- a sudden outward eruption of electrically charged particles 29.1 Cont. • Coronal mass ejection- a part of coronal gas thrown into space by the sun. • Sunspot- cooler, dark area of the photosphere, with a strong magnetic field. • Aurora- colored light produced when charged particles from solar wind react with Earth’s upper atmosphere. 29.2 • Core • Nuclear Fusion- Changes Hydrogen into Helium. 29.3 • Medium size, temperature, and age star 29.4 • Aurora Borealis is another name for the Northern Lights