Download Exercise Physiology

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
What physiological systems are involved in
make the exercising horse and athlete?
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
•
Function - Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Oxygen is used for tissues
• Carbon dioxide is released by those tissues
•
Air passes through the trachea to bronchi
•
Alveoli
• Functional units where gas exchange occurs
•
During inspiration
• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles expand the chest, allowing air to flow in
•
The amount of air inspired or expired during a normal breath is referred to as
• Tidal Volume
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• During exercise, tissues needs for oxygen increases
• Minute volume must increase
• From about 150 L/min to 1500 L/min (during fast gallop)
• At a gallop, respiration rate and stride rate are coupled in a 1:1 ratio
• Expiration occurring when from limbs make ground contact
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
•
EIPH
•
Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
• Presence of blood in the respiratory tract after exercise
• Referred to as “bleeders”
•
•
Laryngeal Hemiplegia
•
Dysfunctional larynx due to nerve damage
•
Can be treated surgically
COPD
•
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Commonly called “heaves”
• Inflammation of the bronchioles
• Caused by moldy hay or straw
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
•
Consists of blood, a series of tubes (blood vessels) through which the blood flows, and a
heart which creates the flow of blood
•
Blood is composed of
• Red Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes
• White Blood Cells
• Leukocytes
• Platelets
•
Cellular elements are called plasma
•
Adult horse (1000lbs) contains approx 50 L (13.2 gal) of blood
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Cardiac Output (CO)
• Measure of how much blood the heart can pump per minute
• Product of heart rate (HR) times stroke volume (SV)
• HR: 25 – 45 Beats/min
• Average around 32 – 35
• Max 220 – 250 beats/min
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• 3 Categories
• Smooth
• Involuntary & automatic contractions
• Cardiac
• Involuntary & automatic contractions
• Skeletal
• Voluntary & functions in movement of the horse
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Skeletal Muscle
• Striated in design
• Composed of numerous muscle bundles
• Which make up muscle fibers
• Contain several hundred to several thousand
contractile filaments
• Responsible for muscle contraction
MUSCLE FIBERS
• Type I
• Slow-contracting fibers
• Low ability to oxidize glucose or glycogen rapidly
• Fatigue resistant
• Utilize fuels in the presence of oxygen
• Long term use
• Nonstrenuous work
• Provide endurance
MUSCLE FIBERS
• Type II
• Fast contracting fibers
• Fatigue more quickly
• High glycolytic activity (use glycogen as energy)
• Classified as
• Type IIA
• Type IIB
• Type IIC
• According to myosin structure