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Austin Putt 1st Period Breast Cancer What is Breast Cancer: Breast cancer is not a sudden occurrence but a process that has been developing for a period of time. When a biopsy confirms a cancerous breast tumor, you are most often not facing a medical emergency. Most physicians will recommend surgery within several weeks of biopsy. Women who have a family history of breast cancer may need genetic testing prior to surgery to guide treatment decisions. Breast cancer spreads to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream. The spread of cancer can be local (in the area of the breast), regional (in the nodes or area near the breast) or distant (in other organs of the body). Breast cancer is a disease which some cells within the breast become abnormal and multiply without control. Most common form of breast cancer starts within cells lining the ducts that carry milk to the nipple. Other forms of breast cancer start within the glands that produce milk. Early breast cancer usually doesn’t cause pain and may show no noticeable symptoms. As the cancer continues, you will start seeing symptoms such as a lump or thickening close to the breast. In some cases, cancerous tumors can invade the surrounding tissue and spread to different parts of the body. Chromosome(s) located: Breast cancer is located on chromosome 17 and 13. Specific Gene(s): BRCA 1, BRCA 2, CDH 1, STK 11, TP 53 increase the development of breast cancer AR, ATM, BARD 1, BRIP 1, CHEK 2, DIRAS 3, ERBB 2, NBN, PALB 2, RAD 50, RAD 51, are all associated with breast cancer Mutation within Breast Cancer: A somatic mutation occurs within breast cancer, somatic mutations occur in non-germline tissues, and is non-heritable. Symptoms of Breast Cancer: A breast lump will appear or a thickening of the breast Change in size or shape of a breast(s) Changes to the skin over the breast Redness or pitting of the skin over the breast Treatments for Breast Cancer: Most women have surgery for breast cancer, and decide to get additional treatment, which includes; chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or radiation. Operations for breast cancer include; removing the breast cancer, removing the entire breast, removal of several lymph nodes, or removal of both breast. Stages for Breast Cancer: Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3A Stage 3B Stage 3C Stage 4 What each stage does: Stage 0- 3 types of breast carcinoma in situ are; Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a noninvasive condition, which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) condition which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast. Stage 1- cancer has formed, has stages 1A and 1B Stage 1A- the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller, cancer has not spreads throughout the body, still found in the breast Stage 1B- small clusters of breast cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes Stage 2A- no tumor is found within the breast or the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller Stage 2B- the tumor has grown over 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters Stage 3A- no tumor is tumor is found within the breast or the tumor is any size Stage 3B- the tumor could be any size, cancer has began to spread to the chest wall and/or has began to spread to the skin of the breast Stage 3C- cancer could have spread to the skin of the breast and could cause swelling Stage 4- cancer has spread to other organs within the body, most often to the bones, lungs, liver, or brain. After breast cancer has been diagnosed test are done to see where the cells have spread to the breast and/or other parts of the body. Test(s) include: Sentinel lymph node biopsy- blue dye and/or radioactive tracer is injected into the tumor site at the time of surgery, and the first (sentinel) node that picks up the dye is removed and biopsied Chest x-ray- an x-ray of the organs and bones within the chest CT scan- is a procedure that makes series of detailed pictures of areas within the body from different angles Bone scan- an imaging test that gives important information about the bones, including the location of cancer that may have spread to the bones PET scan- a type of imaging test that uses a form of sugar linked to a slightly radioactive substance Breast MRI scan- a tests that creates pictures of the breast and the tissue surrounding the breast Breast Biopsy- removing a sample of tissue to see whether cancer cells are present 3 ways cancer can spread throughout the body include: Tissue: cancer can spread from where it originally began by growing into nearby areas Lymph System- the way cancer spreads is getting into the lymph system, and traveling through the lymph vessels Blood- cancer can also spread by getting into the blood, and traveling through the blood vessels