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abiotic abrasion absolute age absolute magnitude abyssal plain acceleration acid precipitation acid rain acid acoustics active immunity active transport adaptation aerobe aggression air mass nonliving, physical features of the environment, including air, water, sunlight, soil, temperature, and climate. a type of erosion that occurs when windblown sediments strike rocks and sediments, polishing and pitting their surface. age, in years, of a rock or other object; can be determined by using properties of the atoms that make up materials. measure of the amount of light a star actually gives off. flat seafloor area from 4,000 m to 6,000 m below the ocean surface, formed by the deposition of sediments. rate of change of velocity; can be calculated by dividing the change in the velocity by the time it takes the change to occur. precipitation with a pH below 5.6—which occurs when air pollutants from the burning of fossil fuels react with water in the atmosphere to form strong acids that can pollute water, kill fish and plants, and damage soils. acidic moisture, with a pH below 5.6, that falls to Earth as rain or snow and can damage forests, harm organisms, and corrode structures. substance with a pH lower than 7. the study of sound. long-lasting immunity that results when the body makes its own antibodies in response to a specific antigen. energy-requiring process in which transport proteins bind with particles and move them through a cell membrane. any structural or behavioral change that helps an organism survive in its particular environment. any organism that uses oxygen for respiration. forceful behavior, such as fighting, used by an animal to control or dominate another animal in order to protect their young, defend territory, or get food. large body of air that has the same characteristics of temperature and moisture content as the part of Earth’s surface over which it formed. air resistance alcohol algae allele allergen allergy allotropes alloy alpha particle alternating current (AC) alveoli amino acid amniotic sac amniotic egg amplitude anaerobe angiosperms antibiotics antibody antigen force that opposes the motion of objects that move through the air. compound, such as ethanol, that is formed when 2OH groups replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon. chlorophyll-containing, plantlike protists that produce oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. an alternate form that a gene may have for a single trait; can be dominant or recessive. substance that causes an allergic reaction. overly strong reaction of the immune system to a foreign substance. different forms of the same element having different molecular structures. a mixture of elements that has metallic properties. particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons that is emitted from a decaying atomic nucleus. electric current that reverses its direction of flow in a regular pattern. tiny, thin-walled, grapelike clusters at the end of each bronchiole that are surrounded by capillaries; carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange takes place. building block of protein. thin, liquid-filled, protective membrane that forms around the embryo. egg covered with a shell that provides a complete environment for the embryo’s development; for reptiles, a major adaptation for living on land. a measure of the energy carried by a wave. any organism that is able to live without oxygen. flowering vascular plants that produce fruits containing one or more seeds; monocots and dicots. chemicals produced by some bacteria that are used to limit the growth of other bacteria. a protein made in response to a specific antigen that can attach to the antigen and cause it to be useless. any complex molecule that is foreign to your body. anus apparent magnitude appendages aquifer artery asexual reproduction asteroid asthenosphere asthma atmosphere atom atom atomic number atriums auxin average atomic mass average speed opening at the end of the digestive tract through which wastes leave the body. measure of the amount of light from a star that is received on Earth. jointed structures of arthropods, such as legs, wings, or antennae. layer of permeable rock that allows water to flow through. blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, and has thick, elastic walls made of connective tissue and smooth muscle tissue. a type of reproduction—fission, budding, and regeneration—in which a new organism is produced from one organism and has DNA identical to the parent organism. a piece of rock or metal made up of material similar to that which formed the planets; mostly found in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. plasticlike layer of Earth on which the lithospheric plates float and move around. lung disorder in which the bronchial tubes contract quickly and cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing; may occur as an allergic reaction. air surrounding Earth; is made up of gases, including 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, and 0.03 percent carbon dioxide. the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element. tiny building block of matter, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. two upper chambers of the heart that contract at the same time during a heartbeat. plant hormone that causes plant leaves and stems to exhibit positive phototropisms. weighted-average mass of the mixture of an element’s isotopes. total distance an object travels divided by the total time it takes to travel that distance. axis axon imaginary vertical line that cuts through the center of Earth and around which Earth spins. neuron structure that carries messages away from the cell body.