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The Crusades and Beyond Chapter 11 • The crusades were military expeditions (wars) to recapture the holy land • They lasted from 10961204 What are the Crusades? The Pope The Crusaders (Warriors) • Pope Urban II sent European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem. • He was worried because some Muslim rulers were destroying Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, and pilgrimage to Jerusalem was becoming increasingly dangerous. • The Pope needed to raise a large army so he promised entry to heaven to anyone who went to fight in the crusades. • Many townspeople, craftsmen, and peasants joined the knights in fighting. Who and Why? 1096- 1099 • 30,000 crusaders fought through Anatolia toward Palestine. • Christian crusaders conquered Antioch and finally surrounded and easily captured Jerusalem. The first Crusade 1146- 1148 • Muslims organized and banded together to capture Edessa. • The Christians fought back, but were unable to hold on to Jerusalem. • Muslims retook Edessa, Damascus, and Anatolia. The second Crusade 1189- 1192 • Salah al-Din led a renewed fight against the crusaders in the Holy Land. • His army captured Jerusalem. • Richard the Lionheart fought back. • A treaty was signed: Muslims kept control over Jerusalem, while the Christian crusaders kept a chain of cities along the coast of Palestine. The third Crusade Economic Changes Societal Changes • Increased the use of money because crusaders needed to buy things • Some knights began performing banking functions (loans, investments) • Kings started a tax system to raise funds for crusades • Monarchs grew more powerful; this helped to end the feudal system • Crusaders dressed in clothing made of muslin (a type of cotton) • Began to eat melon, apricots, sesame seeds, and carob • Began to used spices like pepper • This all led to an increase in trade The Crusades Effects on Christians A smaller impact What was the effect? • This is because at the time of the Crusades, Muslims had a more advanced society than the Christians in Western Europe. • They had less to gain • Learned about new weapons and military ideas • Began to adopt a standing army • Merchants became wealthy from trade with Europe • Muslims became more united against a common enemy. The Crusades Effects on Muslims It got bad… It got even worse… • Entire communities of Jews were massacred • Synagogues and holy books were destroyed • In 1290, England expelled all Jews • In 1394, France expelled all Jews • Jews were forced to live in crowded neighborhoods called ghettos, separated from the rest of the town by gates and walls • Anti- Semitism (prejudice against Jews) spread among non-crusaders • Jews’ place in society worsened, they could not hold public office or run trading businesses. The Crusades Effects on Jews What? Where? • A series of wars in which the Christians fought to win back control of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) from the Muslims. • They succeeded in taking back all except for Granada The Reconquesta Late 1400’s in Spain • Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic country • They used the inquisition, a church court, to find out whether supposed Christian converts were practicing their old religion. • Jews were told to become Catholics or leave- 170,000 left • Beginning in 1609, Spain expelled (kicked out) the remaining Muslims and Jews • This ended the golden age of cooperation between the 3 groups. The Inquisition