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The Crusades and Beyond
Chapter 11
• The crusades
were military
expeditions
(wars) to
recapture the
holy land
• They lasted
from 10961204
What are the Crusades?
The Pope
The Crusaders (Warriors)
• Pope Urban II sent
European Christians to
reclaim Jerusalem.
• He was worried because
some Muslim rulers were
destroying Christian holy
sites in Jerusalem, and
pilgrimage to Jerusalem
was becoming
increasingly dangerous.
• The Pope needed to raise
a large army so he
promised entry to heaven
to anyone who went to
fight in the crusades.
• Many townspeople,
craftsmen, and peasants
joined the knights in
fighting.
Who and Why?
1096- 1099
• 30,000
crusaders fought
through
Anatolia toward
Palestine.
• Christian
crusaders
conquered
Antioch and
finally
surrounded and
easily captured
Jerusalem.
The first Crusade
1146- 1148
• Muslims
organized and
banded together
to capture
Edessa.
• The Christians
fought back, but
were unable to
hold on to
Jerusalem.
• Muslims retook
Edessa,
Damascus, and
Anatolia.
The second Crusade
1189- 1192
• Salah al-Din led a
renewed fight against the
crusaders in the Holy
Land.
• His army captured
Jerusalem.
• Richard the Lionheart
fought back.
• A treaty was signed:
Muslims kept control over
Jerusalem, while the
Christian crusaders kept a
chain of cities along the
coast of Palestine.
The third Crusade
Economic Changes
Societal Changes
• Increased the use of
money because crusaders
needed to buy things
• Some knights began
performing banking
functions (loans,
investments)
• Kings started a tax system
to raise funds for crusades
• Monarchs grew more
powerful; this helped to end
the feudal system
• Crusaders dressed in
clothing made of muslin (a
type of cotton)
• Began to eat melon,
apricots, sesame seeds, and
carob
• Began to used spices like
pepper
• This all led to an increase in
trade
The Crusades Effects on Christians
A smaller impact
What was the effect?
• This is because at the
time of the Crusades,
Muslims had a more
advanced society than the
Christians in Western
Europe.
• They had less to
gain
• Learned about new
weapons and military
ideas
• Began to adopt a standing
army
• Merchants became
wealthy from trade with
Europe
• Muslims became more
united against a common
enemy.
The Crusades Effects on Muslims
It got bad…
It got even worse…
• Entire communities of Jews
were massacred
• Synagogues and holy books
were destroyed
• In 1290, England expelled
all Jews
• In 1394, France expelled all
Jews
• Jews were forced to live in
crowded neighborhoods
called ghettos, separated
from the rest of the town by
gates and walls
• Anti- Semitism (prejudice
against Jews) spread
among non-crusaders
• Jews’ place in society
worsened, they could not
hold public office or run
trading businesses.
The Crusades Effects on Jews
What?
Where?
• A series of wars in
which the
Christians fought to
win back control of
the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain
and Portugal) from
the Muslims.
• They succeeded in
taking back all
except for Granada
The Reconquesta
Late 1400’s in Spain
• Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic
country
• They used the inquisition, a church
court, to find out whether supposed
Christian converts were practicing
their old religion.
• Jews were told to become Catholics
or leave- 170,000 left
• Beginning in 1609, Spain expelled
(kicked out) the remaining Muslims
and Jews
• This ended the golden age of
cooperation between the 3 groups.
The Inquisition