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Anatomy and
Physiology of the
Respiratory System
Nose
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Primary organ from which air enters and leaves the body
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Mucus and Cilia lining help trap unwanted particles from entering the body
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Humidifies and moistens air
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Septum divides the nose into two parts
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One part is for respiration
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The other is for smelling
Pharynx
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Tubular structure between the nasal and oral cavity that allows air to travel from
mouth to lungs
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Throat
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Three parts
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Nasopharynx
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Oropharynx
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Laryngopharynx
Contains connective muscles that prevent us from swallowing air
Epiglottis: flap of tissue that channel air to the lungs and food to the esophagus
Isthmus: Connects the oral and nasal portions, allows humans to breathe
through the nose or mouth
Larynx
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“Voice box”
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Passageway for air to the lungs
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Source of vocalization
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Hyoid bone and cartilage, help regulate airflow
Bronchi
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Allows air to enter the lungs
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Two parts
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Right main bronchus is shorter and wider than the left
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Right bronchus is subdivided into three parts
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Left bronchus is divided into two parts
Lungs
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Left lung is divided into superior and inferior lobe
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Right lung is divided into superior, middle, and inferior lobe
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Main job is respiration
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Take oxygen from the atmosphere and put it into blood
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Take CO2 from blood and breathe it into the atmosphere
Alveoli
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600 million alveoli
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Grape-like trees at the end of the “respiratory tree”
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Gas exchanges take place here
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Some effort to inflate the sacs
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Little to no effort to deflate the sacs
Diaphragm
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Muscular structure between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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When air comes in, the diaphragm expands and opens up the chest cavity
allowing more room for air to enter the lungs
Epithelial Tissue
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Lines the surface and cavities of organs
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Simple squamous epithelial tissue makes up the alveoli
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Easy to diffuse oxygen into the bloodstream
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue found as a layer for alveoli
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Easy diffusion
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Protective layer against airborne pathogens/toxins
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Simple: Single cell layer
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Stratified: Composed of multiple cell layers
Other Tissues
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Nerve tissue
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Reacts to stimuli
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Conducts impulses
Muscle tissue
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Soft tissue that composes muscle
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Smooth muscle tissue
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Controls slow, involuntary movement
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Contracts and relaxes organs
Connective tissue
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Maintains form of body
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Provides cohesion and internal support,
as well as connectivity
Epithelial Cells
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Lines respiratory tract
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Moistens and protects airways, serves as a barrier for pathogens and
foreign particles
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Ciliated cells
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Very long epithelial cells
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Specialized cilia attachments
Goblet cells
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Secrete mucins to create mucus
Red Blood Cells
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Delivers oxygen to parts of the body through the circulatory system
Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues in the body, and carbon dioxide from
back to the lungs
Other Cells
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Alveolar Cells
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Type I: Line the alveoli. Important for gas exchange
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Type II: Scattered among the Type I cells, secrete ingredients for a surfactant to coat
the alveoli
Club Cells
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Nonciliated cells
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Secrete a serous product that helps create a surfactant to protect the bronchial lining.
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Found in the bronchiolar epithelium
Hormones
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Essential for cell communication
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Thyroxine: Produced by thyroid gland; facilitates respiration
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Carbonic anhydrase: Combines carbon dioxide with water to form
carbonic acid to transfer carbon dioxide through the body
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Angiotensin (converting enzyme): Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II to
contract blood vessels
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Others: Hypothalmic, neuropeptides, estrogen, testosterone, leptin,
dopamine
Chemoreceptors
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Receptors in the medulla oblongata detect changes in the pH levels of the
blood.
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If not enough oxygen is being taken in, the CO2 level of the blood rise, and the
blood becomes more acidic.
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This triggers an increase in nerve impulses that stimulate the diaphragm which
increases lung ventilation and brings the CO2 blood levels to normal.
Other Features
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Cilia
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Microscopic, hair-like structures that extend from the surface of cells
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Rhythmic waving or beating motion
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Keep the airways clear of mucus and dirt, blocking pathogens and allowing for
easier breath
Mucus
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Protects the mucous membranes
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Maintain epithelial moisture
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Traps particulate material and pathogens moving through the airway
Work Cited
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"Anonymous." SpringerReference (n.d.): n. pag. Springer. Web. 4 Mar. 2016.
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"The Human Body @ NNHS." Specialized Cells and Structures of the Respiratory System -. NNHS, n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.
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"RESPIRATORY SYSTEM." Respiratory Sys. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.
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"Chapter 23. The Sensory System." Introduction to Healthcare for Interpreters and Translators (2013): 233-42. Web.
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"Respiratory System: Level of Organization - Sam's Science Project."Respiratory System: Level of Organization - Sam's Science Project.
N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.
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"Epithelial Cells." Simple Squamous Epithelium. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.
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"Epithelial Cells." Stratified Epithelium. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.
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"Nervous Tissues." Nervous Tissue. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.
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"Muscle Tissues." Muscle Tissue. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.
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Fawcett, Don W. "Connective Tissue." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.
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The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Pharynx." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.
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"Functions of Organs in Respiratory System | MD-Health.com." Functions of Organs in Respiratory System | MD-Health.com. N.p., n.d. Web.
04 Mar. 2016.
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"Diaphragm in Respiratory System." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2016.