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Socialization: The Producer of Culture Recall • We discussed What Makes Us and what influences human behaviour over the past few days • Today, we will examine how Culture perpetuates itself from generation to generation • Anthropologists often regard culture as an Agent of Socialization, and Kinship Systems as the main transmitter Socialization & it’s Agents • Socialization is a continuous process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity & learns the norms, values, behaviour, and social skills appropriate to their social position • Socialization takes place through interactions w/ others (sometimes referred to as social contact) ▫ Interactions can be intentional or unintentional • Anthropologists (as well as sociologists & social psychologists) believe there are a number of ways or methods in which PPL become socialized ▫ These methods of socialization are called agents of socialization Socialization Terminology • Norms: rules that indicate what ppl should do or how they should act • Values: standards of what is considered right & wrong • Status: the position a person has w/in a social institution • Primary Agents of Socialization ▫ Are the most important agents of socialization /c they shape the life/behaviour of individual’s when they are children ▫ Includes - Family & Friends • Secondary Agents of Socialization ▫ Are typically institutions (places) that help an individual find their place in society ▫ Includes - school, work, religion Kinship Systems • Anthropologists believe kinship systems (family) is the most important agent of socialization • Why Kinship? • Kinship determines ▫ Whom we are related too ▫ Whom we must show respect too ▫ Who owes respect to you • Family relationships define who we are as individuals & how we see others in their society What Kinship Looks Like Types of Kinship Systems & Key Terms • Matrilineal: ppl trace their ancestry through their mothers • Patrilineal: ppl trace their ancestry through their fathers • Bilineal: ppl trace their ancestry through both parents • Lineage: male relatives capable of tracing their ancestry back to one direct person • Clan: group of several lineages in which ppl are related but cannot always trace exact ancestral relationships Stop & Reflect • What kinship system does your family follow? • How does your kinship system determine yours sense of self? • How would immigration and/or emigration affect kinship systems? Marriage: Perpetuator of Socialization • Marriage is a cultural institution in MOST cultures ▫ Varies in appearance & practice b/w cultures • Anthropologists agree that marriage defines social relationships to provide for the survival & socialization of children ▫ It defines rights & obligations of 2 PPL in terms of sex, reproduction, work and social roles ▫ Creates new relationships b/w families & kin groups Marriage in Canada: Do You Know it’s History? • As a class let’s discuss the following questions • What would marriage look like in prior to 1960? ▫ (i.e. ethnically, religiously, social class, etc) • What happened to children born out of wedlock? • What type of marriage became popular after 1960? • How have marriages changed since the 1990s? • What important marriage function, is NOT being fulfilled by many couples today? Arranged Marriage, the Most Common? • Arranged marriages are set-up by someone other than the people getting married ▫ Interesting fact: 5-7% of arranged marriages fail, 50% of nonarranged marriages fail • Why? • Shaped by beliefs that child-rearing, economic relationships, & uniting kin groups are more important than love Types of Marriage • Monogamy: relationship where an individual has 1 partner • Polygamy: marriage that involves multiple partners ▫ Polygyny: marriage b/w 1 husband & multiple wives (permitted in 80% of world cultures) ▫ Polyandry: marriage b/w 1 wife & multiple husbands (practiced in less than 1% of all world cultures) • What types of marriage are legal in Canada? • Why is this form of marriage strange considering the N. American divorce rate? Family Roles & Cultures • W/ marriage comes families • Family members have specific roles ▫ Father, mother, son, daughter, etc… • Roles differ depending on culture hwr, ALL members have obligations to family ▫ Obligations may be to nuclear members or extended members (aunts, uncles, etc) • These roles also shape how we act & view the world • Think about the following roles & who performs them in your house; repairs, cleaning, income, meal prep, organizing activities, etc… • What roles do you play? • What obligations do you have w/in each role? Family Roles & Self-Concept How do families influence our self-concept? Studies on Western & Eastern societies show similarities & differences Similarities • PPL perceive self positively • PPL feel that they are good or valuable Differences • Self-enhancement • Westerners see themselves more positively than they really are ▫ Blame for a bad mark is typically placed elsewhere Mistake, bad luck, teacher’s fault • Asian culture motivated by shame ▫ Motivates to avoid bad marks To be “good” you avoid humiliation (better study!) Kinship & Marriage • Using your knowledge of kinship systems & marriage to answer the following questions • How does kinship & marriage influence or shape an individual’s identity? • Explain how an individual growing up in a matrilineal-polyandry culture may view the world differently than someone from a bilinealmonogamous culture? • According to anthropologists, how are social norms, values, and behaviours transferred from one generation to the next?