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Antebellum Study Guide 8-4.1 Antebellum Period- Time period leading up to the Civil War. During this time period the Slave Population more than doubled due to the invention of the cotton gin and the increased need for slaves. During the antebellum period the regions of the upcountry and the Low Country began to compete in the production of cotton. The capital of South Carolina was moved from Charleston to Columbia because Columbia was more centrally located in the state. Eli Whitney- Inventor of the Cotton Gin 8-4.2 Abolitionist – People who wanted to put an end to the institution of slavery Fredrick Douglas- One of the most famous African American abolitionist Sarah and Angelina Grimke- Sisters from South Carolina who moved north to join the Religious Society of Friends, or the Quakers. They became famous Abolitionist. Denmark Vesey led a slave revolt in Charleston John Brown- An abolitionist who turned to violence. He led the raid on Harpers Ferry. He was captured and executed . This outraged many in the north. John Browns execution was another issue that caused tension and division between the North and the South. 8-4.3 Protective tariffs – Taxes that were imposed on imported goods to protect industry in the US. Southerners opposed these taxes because there was little industry in the South and they relied heavily on imported goods. Nullification- The theory of government that a state has the power to reject a national law with which it disagrees. John C Calhoun used it in opposing the Tariff of 1828. South Carolina adopted it as the justification for nullifying the Tariff of 1832 during the Nullification Crisis. As a result of the Nullification Crises tensions developed between the federal government and individual states and South Carolina gained the reputation as the most radical state. States’ Rights- The belief that state power superseded federal power. The state’s rights idea would develop and evolve into the theory of secession, that the United States was a mere confederation not a binding union. Manifest Destiny- The belief that the American people have the right to occupy the entire American continent from the Atlantic ocean to the Pacific ocean Missouri Compromise- Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state. It also drew an imaginary line at the 36 30 parallel and stated that after Missouri, no state entering the union could be a slave state. Stephen Douglas – Northern senator who wanted to organize the Kansas and Nebraska territories in order to provide land for a railroad to be built between Chicago and the West. He was the author of the Kansas Nebraska Act. This Act allowed for the issue of slavery in theses territories to be decided by Popular Sovereignty, which meant the people would vote. Lincoln Douglas Debates- A series of seven debates between Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephen Douglas during the 1858 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois. Lincoln lost the election however; he gained national attention for his stance on the extension of slavery. He was opposed to the expansion of slavery beyond the South. The Compromise of 1850- California wanted to enter the union as a free state. Californians did not want to compete with slave owners who would be able to use their slaves to mine gold. The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to enter as a free state. It outlawed the slave trade in Washington DC. It provided that the rest of the Mexican Cession would decide whether or not the residence wanted to be a slave or free state through the vote, a concept called popular sovereignty. Southerners also got the Fugitive Slave Law. Fugitive Slave Law/Act- Law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of runaway slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slave owners. Uncle Tom’s Cabin- Antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that showed northerners the violent reality of slavery and drew many people to the abolitionist movement. Dred Scott Decision- US Supreme Court ruling that declared African Americans were not US citizens, that the Missouri Compromise ‘s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional , and that Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territory. It ruled that because slaves were considered “property” a slave owner could not be prohibited from taking a slave into free territory. Election of 1860- Abraham Lincoln won the Election of o1860. South Carolina seceded from the Union followed by several other southern states. 8-4.4 Unionist, Cooperationist, and Secessionists/Fire eaters – See Notes The secessionists / Fire-eaters struggled for political control in South Carolina during the 1850’s Jefferson Davis- President of the Confederate States of America