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The Collapse of the Roman West Jenga! Notes 1.3 Make careful note of the reasons we remove a brick from our Jenga tower of Rome. Brick 1: _________________________________________ Death of Honor- Fewer Romans honored the old ideals of _____, courage, and ____________. Many government officials took _______. As problems increased, talented people often ________ to serve in ______________. Many wealthy citizens even ___________ paying ________. Death of Education- Fewer people attended ___________, and a large number of the empire’s people were now __________. Wealthy Romans supported slavery because it was a ______ way to get _______ done. Brick 2: _________________________________________ As government weakened, _______ and order ________ down. ________ and bridges were _____________, and trade routes became ________. Information could not be sent quickly across the __________, and Rome’s _______ could no longer organize quickly enough to drive out _________. Roman soldiers and invaders seized ________ and destroyed fields. Farmers grew ______ food, and ________ began to spread. Brick 3: _________________________________________ As the economy ___________, people purchased fewer _______. Artisans produced ______, and shopkeepers lost ________. Many businesses closed, and the number of workers _________ sharply. Many workers left jobs and serve in the army. Rome also began to suffer from inflation (ihn • FLAY •shuhn), or rapidly __________ prices. Inflation happens when money _________ its value. How did this happen? The weak economy meant fewer _______ were paid. With less money coming in, the Roman government could not afford to _________ its territories and had to find a way to pay its _________ and officials. One way for the government to get the money it needed was to put less ______ in its coins. By putting less gold or silver in each coin, the government could make extra coins and pay for more things. People soon learned that the coins did not have as much gold in them, and the coins began _______ value. Prices went __, and many people stopped using money altogether. They began to barter (BAHR •tuhr), or exchange goods without using money. Brick 4: _________________________________________ Meanwhile, invaders swept into the empire. In the west, _____________ tribes raided Roman farms and towns. In the east, armies from ________ pushed into the empire’s territory. As fighting increased, the government could no longer enlist and _____ Romans as soldiers. It began using Germanic warriors in the army. However, these Germanic soldiers were not ______ to Rome. What Were Diocletian’s Reforms? Emperor Diocletian worked to boost the ________. To slow inflation, he issued rules that set the ______ of goods and the ________ to be paid to workers. To make sure more goods were generated, he ordered ___________ to remain at the same jobs until they died. Diocletian’s reforms ________. The people ignored the new rules, and Diocletian did not have enough power to make them obey. Brick 5: Diocletian splits the empire in half to try to manage it better. The Darker Side of Diocletian For Diocletian to make his reforms work he tried to use his _______ religion to give himself more legitimacy. He wanted people to see his authority came from the _______. He did not just want to be their representative; he wanted people to treat him as a god himself. His decision to be treated as a God and, unlike Augustus Caesar, be _________ other Romans, meant that any revolts against the state were now ________ rebellions too and that meant they were even more serious. Pagans in the empire accepted the changes but the Roman Empire had a fast growing __________ population that could not accept Diocletian’s claim of divinity. Christians had been ____________ before but their religion provided them hope. Christians refused to sacrifice to the Emperor. Diocletian had to punish these rebellious subjects. He made a law that refusing to sacrifice to the emperor would be punished by ________. This caused churches to be destroyed, writings to be _________, and thousands of faithful Christians to be arrested, imprisoned, tortured, and killed. Diocletian’s attempts to destroy the religion were hopeless and many pagan citizens felt sympathy with the Christian people they had been living side by side with for centuries. New Role of Christianity in Imperial Politics In A.D. 305 Diocletian retired from office. Constantine was a general and had been declared the new ____________ by his men and marched at this time on Rome. Constantine now had the job to fight the growing unrest in Rome. Maxentius, the man ruling the ______ of Rome and the western half of the empire with Diocletian, had been misusing public funds causing revolt. To put down the revolt Maxentius had killed thousands of civilians and was very unpopular. Now Constantine had to fight to reunite and settle unrest in the west. Before the battle between Maxentius and Constantine’s armies both looked for________ guidance. The practice of pagan Romans was to call on _______________ and magicians to try see what the outcome of the battle would be and to get favor for their army from the gods. Constantine also was looking for divine support. Constantine knelt down in prayer and as he told the story later saw a vision of a _______ and the words “In Hoc Signo Vinces” which meant, “____________ by this sign”. This story Constantine told and his great victory allowed Constantine to fuse the Roman state and the ever-growing Christian church. The new Emperor issued an ________ (declaration) of toleration, stopping the persecution of Christians by the state. He wanted to use Christianity to support his regime, almost as Diocletian had used paganism, but he wanted to be seen as a benevolent leader, so he did not make Christianity the official religion of the Empire. Constantine also was not a very ________ Christian. His mother had been a Christian but Constantine used it more for ______________ reasons. In his rage he had one of his sons and his wife executed, breaking Christian commandments not to _______. He also did not get baptized into the Christian faith until close to his death so that he could do bad things and pay for them later, which goes __________ standard Christian philosophy. Constantine’s Reforms Constantine (KAHN • stuhn • TEEN) became emperor in A.D. 312. To aid the economy, Constantine issued several orders. The sons of workers had to _________ their fathers’ trades, the sons of farmers had to work the land their fathers worked, and the sons of soldiers had to serve in the army. A Shift to the East Constantine’s changes did not halt the empire’s _________ in the west. As a result, Constantine moved the capital from Rome to a new city in the east. He chose the site of the Greek city of Byzantium (buh•ZAN•tee • uhm). There he built a _______, an amphitheater called the Hippodrome, and many palaces. The city became known as Constantinople (KAHN • STAN •tuhn •OH• puhl). Today, Constantinople is called Istanbul. Western Rome Crumbles Brick 6: _________________________________________ Both Diocletian and Constantine ________ to save the Roman Empire. When Constantine died in A.D. 337, fighting broke out again. A new emperor called Theodosius (THEE • uh • DOH•shuhs) finally gained control and ended the fighting. Ruling the empire proved to be difficult. Theodosius decided to completely divide the empire after his death. In A.D. 395, the Roman Empire split into two separate empires. One was the Western Roman Empire, with its capital at ________. The other was the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital at _______________. Did Rome Really Fall or Did It Just Fade Away? There is an old saying the Rome was not built in a _____. The same is true of the fall of Rome, it did not fall in a day. There was no one single day on which Rome disappeared. More like a seaside cliff Rome eroded away bit by bit until it was unrecognizable. In the early years of the empire there was a clear distinction between Rome and the __________ on the frontiers, but over time as Rome spread out and came to include more and more people these barbarians became more and more Roman. Rome had spread itself very thin and started to need the help of barbarian neighbors. The fear of new enemies had cause barbarians to be invited into Roman lands to create a buffer between Rome and _________ dangers. Later when those who invaded Rome itself came they did not decide to change Rome much but they stepped into the already existing system and governed it themselves. If we had lived in the Roman empire at the time, while it would have been sad to us that such a great city had been invaded it would not have made us feel our way of life was about to disappear because the empire was still there, governed by the Emperor in the East, Constantinople. Historians look at many factors when they study migrations of people as happened with the Goths and the Vandals. One factor causing migrations may be __________ change another may be population growth. Migrations also cause other migrations, when one group is forces to move they displace another group, in the way that dominoes push other dominoes when they fall. As Rome declined, it was no longer able to hold back the Germanic tribes on its borders. Many different ____________ groups existed—Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Angles, and Saxons. They came from the forests and marshes of __________ Europe. In the late A.D. 300s, the ______ entered Eastern Europe and defeated the Ostrogoths (AHS •truh • GAHTHS). The Visigoths, fearing they would be next, asked the Eastern Roman emperor for protection. He let them settle just inside the empire’s border. In return, they promised to be _______ to Rome. Before long, trouble broke out between the Visigoths and Romans. The empire forced the Visigoths to buy food at very high prices. The Romans also kidnapped and _________ many Visigoths. Finally, the Visigoths rebelled against the Romans. In A.D. 378 they __________ Roman legions at the Battle of Adrianople (AY • dree • uh • NOH• puhl). After that defeat, Rome was forced to surrender land to the Visigoths inside Roman territory. The Germanic tribes now knew that Rome could no longer defend itself. More and more Germanic warriors crossed the borders in search of land. In the winter of A.D. 406, the Rhine River in Western Europe froze. Germanic groups crossed the frozen river and entered Gaul, which is today France. The Romans were too weak to force them back across the border. In A.D. 410 the Visigoth leader Alaric (A•luh •rihk) and his soldiers captured the city of Rome. They burned records and looted the treasury. Rome’s capture shocked the empire’s people. It was the first time Rome had been conquered in 800 years. Another Germanic group known as the Vandals overran Spain and northern Africa. They enslaved some Roman landowners and drove others away. Then the Vandals sailed to Italy. In A.D. 455 they entered Rome. They spent 12 days stripping buildings of everything valuable and burning them. From these attacks came the English word vandalism, which means “the willful destruction of property.” Abandoned Frontiers Roman legions had to abandon their European provinces to protect their Mediterranean power bases. As they did they left the people they had governed to fend for themselves and years of instability followed in places such as Britain, which had been on the outer most frontier. Later writers would write of the time after the Romans had abandoned their frontiers as “The Dark Ages”. The term is much disputed by modern historians but it can be useful in describing the stark difference between life in an organized and protected Roman world and the chaos that followed Rome’s withdrawal in many parts of the former frontier.