Download BLOOD TYPES : 101

BLOOD……
Red blood
cells
White blood cells
A LITTLE HISTORY
 DISCOVERED IN 1900 at the University of Vienna by
Karl Landsteiner in the process of trying to learn why
blood transfusions sometimes cause death and other
times saved a patient.
 Karl won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his discovery.
Blood types
 Classification of blood is based on the presence or
absence of inherited ( from both parents) substances
(markers ) found on the surface of the red blood cells.
 The most familiar blood group system uses the letters
A, B, O , these represent the alleles /genes that are
found on chromosome 9 ( of each parent).
 An individual’s ABO type is determined by the
inheritance of 1 of 3 alleles (A, B, O) from each parent.
% BLOOD TYPES AMONG DIFFERENT populations
Caucasians
African
American
Hispanic
Asian
O+
37%
47%
53%
39%
O-
8%
4%
4%
1%
A+
33%
24%
29%
27%
AB+
7%
9%
2%
18%
2%
9%
0.5%
25%
B-
2%
1%
1%
0.4%
AB +
3%
4%
2%
7%
AB -
1%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
Blood Genotypes:
phenotypes
Allele from parent 1
Allele from parent 2
Genotype of
offspring
Blood types
of offspring
A
A
AA
A
A
B
AB
AB
A
O
AO
A
B
A
AB
AB
B
B
BB
B
B
O
BO
B
O
O
OO
O
CO-DOMINANT
RECESSIVIE
ANTIGENS
 An antigen is a foreign particle that enters the body.
This could be a disease causing agent such as part of
bacterium or virus , a particle such as pollen or dust,
or foreign blood cells and cells from transplanted
organs.
ANTIBODIES:
 An antibody is a protein made by the body’s immune
system. Antibodies react with specific antigens to
enable the antigens to be removed from the body.
 FOUND IN BLOOD OR OTHER BODY FLUIDS.
 PRODUCED BY A TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL.
 USED BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY
& NEUTRALIZE FOREIGN OBJECTS, VIRUSES &
BACTERIA.
Lock AND key fit : antigens &
antibodies
Rh factor
 Another type of marker protein on the surface of RBC.
 It was first identified in rhesus monkeys – that’s why




it is labeled Rh.
Inherited from your parents.
Inherited independently of the ABO blood type alleles.
Rh+ is dominant.
About 85% of humans have the Rh marker.
Problem:
 If an Rh- mother gives birth to a Rh+ infant, some fetal
blood cells cross the placental barrier, and the mother
receives Rh+ antigens. The Rh- mother’s immune
system recognizes these antigens as foreign
invaders and begins making “anti Rh” antibodies.
These antibodies may then be passed on to an Rh+
fetus in a future pregnancy, causing the fetus’s red
blood cells to clump, which can lead to fetal death.
BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS:
IF YOUR BLOOD TYPE IS….
O
YOU CAN RECEIVE BLOOD
FROM …
O ONLY
Universal donor
A
A and O
B
B and O
AB
A, B, AB AND O
Universal recipient
BLOOD PLASMA CONTAINS OVER 150 SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING VARIOUS
ANTIBODIES, AND CLOTTING FACTORS THAT CAN BE USED BY SOMEONE
ELSE.
Blood practice problems
Blood practice : co-dominance
Were the babies switched?