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Plant Growth & Development By: Johnny M. Jessup Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor Introduction • There are 6 plant processes that effect growth which are…. • • • • • • Photosynthesis Respiration Absorption Transpiration Translocation Reproduction Photosynthesis • Process by which green plants manufacture food. • The beginning of the food chain for all living things on earth. Photosynthesis • Carbon dioxide and water are combined in the presence of light to make sugar and oxygen. • The Formula is…. 6CO2 + 6H2O + 672Kcal C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Dioxide Water Light Glucose Sugar Oxygen Respiration • The process through which plant leaves, stems, and roots consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. • Plants produce much more oxygen through photosynthesis then they use through respiration. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration Absorption • The process by which plant roots take in water, air, & nutrients and conduct them to the stem. Transpiration • The process by which plants roots lose water from leaves and stems through evaporation. Translocation • The process by which food and nutrients are moved within a plant from one plant part to another. • Water and minerals move from the roots up to the leaves and food moves from the leaves down to the roots. Translocation Reproduction • The plant process that increases plant numbers usually from seeds. Plant Processes • • • • • • Photosynthesis Respiration Absorption Transpiration Translocation Reproduction Plant Cell Growth Plant Cells • Are the basic unit of life. • Nucleus and a mass of protoplasm contained with a plasma membrane. Nucleus • Location of the plant’s genetic and hereditary make-up. Protoplasm • The living matter of the cell. • The gel matrix inside the cell. Plasma Membrane • Surrounds protoplasm and allows for exchange of nutrients and gases into and out of the cell. Cell Wall • The rigid structure that provides support for the cell and thus the whole plant. Other Cell Structures • • • • Chloroplasts Vacuole Plastids Mitochondrion The Plant Cell Plant Tissue • A group of cells with similar origin and function. • Classified according to their…. • Origin • Structure • Physiology Origin & Function • Meristematic • Near the tip of stems and roots where cell division and enlargement occur. • Vascular Cambium • Increase growth in diameter of stems. Structure • Simple • Usually one type of cell. • Complex • Several types of cells. Simple Tissues • Epidermal • One-cell thick, outer layer, protects, prevents water loss. • Sclerenchyma • Have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to give strength and support to plant structures. Complex Tissues • Collenchyma • Have thick cell walls that strengthen and support plant structures. • Parenchyma • Fleshy part of plant that stores water and nutrients. The Asexual Cycle - Vegetative • Vegetative • Growth and development of buds, roots, leaves, and stems. The Asexual Cycle - Vegetative • Cell elongation • Stage when cells enlarge. • Cell differentiation • Stage when cells specialize. The Asexual Cycle - Reproductive • Reproductive or flowering • Plant develops flower buds that will develop into…. • Flowers • Fruits • Seeds Stages of Plant Growth • Juvenile • When the plant first starts to grow from a seed. • Reproductive • When plant produces flowers, seeds, and fruits. • Dormant • When plant rests or grows very little if any. Growth Hormones • Plants produce chemical substances called hormones that inhibit or promote growth. • Common plant hormones are…. • • • • Inhibitors Cytokinins Gibberellins Auxins Inhibitors • Hasten fruit ripening, inhibit or restrain seed germination and stem elongation. STOP Cytokinins • Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell division. Gibberellins • Hormones that stimulate cell elongation, premature flowering, and breaking of dormancy. Auxins • Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating cell enlargement. Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature, & Nutrients on Plants Light • Necessary because of photosynthesis. • Photoperiodism • The response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles. Light • Insufficient light causes long, slender, spindly stems. • Excessive light causes plants to dry out faster. Moisture • Needed in large amounts because plants tissues are mostly water and…. • Water carries the nutrients. • Turgid • When a plant is swollen or filled with moisture. • Wilted • When a plant is limp because it does not have enough moisture. Moisture • Too much water causes small root systems and drowning. • Which is the result of air spaces in soil being filled with water. • Too little water causes wilting and stunted growth. Temperature • Needs vary depending on types of plants. • Either too high or too low will have adverse effects. vs. Nutrients • Essential for optimum plant conditions. • Have little effect on seed germination. Combined Effect of Light, Moisture, Temperature, & Nutrients • Ideal quantities and quality will give optimum plant growth. • Each has an effect on the other factors. • Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth causes diseases to be more severe in their damages to plants. Designed By: • Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor • Hobbton High School