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Chapter 10.1- The Rise of Islam
1.
Who was Muhammad? (Time Period,
Location, Key Achievements?)
 (570 (?) to 632CE)…Arabian Peninsula
(Mecca)
 Muhammad was a trader and merchant,
who is believed by many to have been the
final prophet and he was the founder of
Islam.
2.
List and describe the Five Pillars of
Islam
1. Profession of Faith (shahada) “There is no
God but Allah, and Muhammad is the
Messenger of Allah.”
2. Prayer- (salat) pray 5 times a day, facing
Mecca…or at a mosque
3. Alms- (zakat) Muslims are expected to
support the less fortunate
4. Fasting- (sawm) fast from sun-up to sundown during the holy month of Ramadan
5. Pilgrimage- (hajj) Pilgrimage to Mecca, at
least once in a lifetime, if you have the
means
3.
What are 2 similarities and 2
differences between the beliefs of Islam
and Christianity?
Similarities: Monotheistic…many of the same
prophets…belief in a final judgment and heaven
and hell
Differences: Muslims believe Jesus was a
prophet, not the Son of God like Christians
believe…Islam spread a lot faster than
Christianity did…Christians do not recognize
Muhammad as a prophet…
Chapter 10.1- The Rise of Islam
I. Deserts, Towns, and Travelers
 Arabian Peninsula- crossroads of 3
continents: Africa, Europe, and Asia
 Only a tiny strip of fertile land in south
Arabia and Oman…few oases…rest is
desert…inhabited by nomadic Arab herders
in 7th centuries
A. Desert and Town Life
 Bedouins: desert nomads…organized into
tribes and clans
o Clans provided security and support
o Adaptations to desert conditions…ability
to defend against invaders
o Bedouins became the core of the armies
who would build a huge empire in the
600’s and 700’s
o Bedouin ideals of courage and loyalty to
family, and warrior skills- Islamic way of
life
o Early 600’s, many Arabs settled in an
oasis or market town
B. Crossroads of Trade and Ideas
 By early 600’s, trade routes connected
Arabia to the major ocean and land trade
routes
o Trade routes through Arabia ran from
the extreme south of peninsula to
Byzantine and Sassanid empires to the
north.
o Caravan routes…traded for goods from
the Silk Roads of the east
o Spices and incense exported from
Yemen
o Cultural diffusion
 Rock city of Petra
 Mecca, in western Arabia, was an important
stop on the trade route
 Mecca had a house of worship, called the
Ka’aba
o Arabs associated Ka’aba with Abraham,
a believer in one God
o Ka’aba contained over 360 idols brought
here by many tribes
o Many made pilgrimages to the Ka’aba
 Concept of belief in one God, called Allah in
Arabic
o Monotheism had been practiced by
Arab hanifs
o Also Christians and Jews
II. The Prophet Muhammad
 The Prophet Muhammad was born around
570 CE to a powerful Meccan family
o Orphaned at 6…raised by his
grandfather and uncle
o Was a trader and business manager for
Khadijah, a wealthy widow
o Muhammad and Khadijah married when
he was 25
A. Revelations
 Muhammad often spent time alone in
prayer and meditation
 Around the age of 40, Muhammad heard a
voice calling to him while he meditated in a
cave outside of Mecca
 According to Muslim belief, it was the angel
Gabriel who told Muhammad that he was a
messenger of God.
 Muhammad believed that he was the last of
the prophets
 Taught that Allah was the one and only God
and all other gods must be abandoned
 Islam “submission to the will of Allah”
 Muslim “one who has submitted”
 First followers of Muhammad: Khadijah and
several close friends and relatives
 By 613, Muhammad began to preach
openly in Mecca
o Resistance from many who felt Mecca
would lose its position as a pilgrimage
center
o Some of Muhammad’s followers were
beaten up or stoned in the streets
B. The Hijrah
 Muhammad decided to leave Mecca in 622
CE
 Resettled in Yathrib (renamed Medina“City of the Prophet”)
 Migration was known as the Hijrah, and
year 1 of the Muslim calendar
 In Medina, Muhammad gained
followers…joined his own people with the
Arabs and Jews of Medina as a single
community…political and religious leader
 Muhammad became a military leader in the
hostilities between Mecca and Medina
C. Returning to Mecca
 Many of the region’s Bedouin tribes
converted to Islam and joined Muhammad
and his followers
 630 the Prophet and 10,000 of his followers
marched to the outskirts of
Mecca…Mecca’s leaders surrendered.
Prophet entered the city in triumph
 Muhammad went to the Ka’aba and
destroyed the idols and had the call to
prayer made from the roof of the Ka’aba
 Most Meccans pledged their loyalty to
Muhammad and converted to Islam
 Umma= Muslim community
 Muhammad died in 632
 Dome of the Rock- In Jerusalem- mosque
built on the site where Jews believe
Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son,
Isaac. Also, the site where Muslims believe
Muhammad went on his Night Journey
III. Beliefs and Practices of Islam
 Main teaching of Islam is that there is only
one God, Allah
 Holy Book= Qur’an
 Muslims believe that each person will stand
before Allah on a final judgment day and
enter either heaven or hell
A. The Five Pillars
 Duties of a Muslim
 1. Profession of Faith (shahada) “There is no
God but Allah, and Muhammad is the
Messenger of Allah.”
 2. Prayer- (salat) pray 5 times a day, facing
Mecca…or at a mosque
 3. Alms- (zakat) Muslims are expected to
support the less fortunate
 4. Fasting- (sawm) fast from sun-up to sundown during the holy month of Ramadan
 5. Pilgrimage- (hajj) Pilgrimage to Mecca, at
least once in a lifetime, if you have the
means
B. A Way of Life
 Muslims do not separate their personal life
from their religious life
 Live by the Five Pillars and other customs,
morals, and laws for Islamic society that
affect Muslim’s daily lives
o Forbidden to eat pork or to drink wine
or other intoxicating beverages
o Friday afternoons- communal worship
and prayer
o Islam has no priests or central religious
authority
o Ulama- scholar class concerned with
learning and law
C. Sources of Authority
 Original source of authority for Muslims is
Allah
 Revelations of Muhammad collected in a
book, called the Qur’an
 Qur’an is written in Arabic, and only Arabic
can be used in worship
 Arabic language spread widely with the
spread of Islam
 Sunna- Muhammad’s example- best model
for proper living
 Shari’a= body of law regulates family life,
moral conduct, and business and
community life of Muslims
o Sense of unity for all Muslims
D. Links to Judaism and Christianity
 To Muslims, Allah is the same God that is
worshipped in Christianity and Judaism
 Muslims view Jesus as a prophet, not the
son of God
 Qur’an is regarded as the word of God as
revealed to Muhammad…final book and
Muhammad as the final prophet
 All 3 religions believe in heaven and hell
and a day of judgment…all 3 trace their
ancestry to Abraham
 Christians and Jews regarded as “people of
the book,” by Muslims
 Shari’a law required Muslims to extend
religious tolerance to Christians and Jews
Notes: Islam- The Awakening