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Transcript
Biomedical Therapies AP Psychology Chapter 17: Therapies Ms. Elkin Drug Therapy: Anti-Anxiety Anti-anxiety Medication – Depresses central nervous system activity – Should be used with psychotherapy – Specific Drugs: • Xanax • Ativan – Criticisms: • Masks the problem, not a solution • Can create psychological dependence Drug Therapy: Anti-Depressant Antidepressant • For depression, drug therapy is most effective when paired with psychotherapy • SSRIs: Selective-Serotonin-Reuptake-Inhibitors – Prozac – Partially blocks the reabsorption of serotonin – Elevates arousal and mood • Dual-Action Antidepressants – Work by blocking the reabsorption of norepinephrine and serotonin. – Side effects: dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, or dizzy spells. Antidepressants • Antidepressants • Newer Mechanisms – – – – – Wellbutrin Serzone Desyrel Effexor remeron • Other Classifications – Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (stops the breakdown of certain neurotransmitters)MAOIs – Tricyclics: inhibit the nerve cell’s ability to reuptake neurotransmitters Drug Therapy: Mood Stabilizers (for Bipolar Disorder) Mood Stabilizers • Mood-Stabilizing (Bipolar) – Lithium • Emotional highs and lows (manic-depressive episodes) stabilize • Signs of more severe toxicity include: – Giddiness Mild shakiness, especially in the hands – Blurred vision Thirst – Ringing in the ears Increased or frequent urination (tinnitus) – Severe shakiness Diarrhea – Seizures Vomiting • signs of mild to moderate lithium toxicity: – – – – – – Drowsiness – Muscle weakness – Coordination problems – Depakote Drug Therapy: Schizophrenia & other Psychotic Disorders Antipsychotics • Uses – Used to calm psychotic patients (schizophrenics) • Dopamine blockers; reduce positive symptoms • Side Effects: – Sluggishness, tremors, twitches – Tardive Dyskinesia: involuntary movement of facial muscles – Video Antipsychotics – Specific Drugs: • Thorazine • Clozapine – New Generation Drugs: • Rispedal • Zyprexa • Fewer side effects, but increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Brain Stimulation • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) – Using electricity to shock the brain, thereby calming the neural centers where overactivity produces depression – Patient is anesthetized (unconscious) – Given a muscle relaxant – Their brain is shocked with about 100 volts – Side effects: memory loss – Effective for severe depression that hasn’t been responsive to medication ECT: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Psychosurgery • Lobotomy: – cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes with the limbic system – Used with patients with: • Violent symptoms • Psychotic symptoms • Hyperactive symptoms – Rarely used today Psychosurgery