Download Plant Test 1 Study Guide 6-2.3. Organisms in the Plant Kingdom are

Plant Test 1 Study Guide
6-2.3.
Organisms in the Plant Kingdom are classified into groups based on specific ___________________.
All ___________________are included in this kingdom, which is then broken down into smaller and smaller
divisions based on several characteristics, for example:

How plants absorb and circulate ____________________ – vascular or nonvascular;

How plants ______________________ – spores or seeds;

Method of __________________ production – cones or flowers;

Type of seed leaf – monocot or dicot.
Plants are commonly classified into two major groups based on their internal structures.
These two groups are ___________________ and ________________________.
Vascular Plants
 This is the ________________________ group in the Plant Kingdom.

These plants have a well-developed system for transporting ______________ and _______________;
therefore, they have true_________________, __________________, and __________________.

Vascular plants have tube-like structures that provide _________________ and help circulate
_______________ and ________________ throughout the plant.

The ____________________ transport water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

The ____________________ transport food from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Examples include trees and many shrubs with __________________ stems that grow very tall, and grasses,
dandelions, and tomato plants with soft ____________________________ stems.
Nonvascular Plants
 These plants do not have a well-developed system for ________________________water and food;
therefore, do not have true roots, stems, or leaves.

They must obtain nutrients directly from the __________________________and distribute it from _____________to ______________ throughout the plant. This usually results in these plants being very small
in size.

Examples include __________________, _________________, and ________________________.
The following classifications can also be used to group plants.
Seed-producing
 Seed-producing plants are plants that ___________________ through seeds. Seed plants make their own
_________________________.

Seeds contain the plant _____________________ (the beginnings of roots, stems, and leaves) and
___________________________ (cotyledons) and are surrounded by a______________________. From
those seeds, new plants grow.
Plant Test 1 Study Guide
 There are two major groups of seed-producing plants: ______________________________plants and
____________________________ plants.
(OR)
Spore-producing
 Spore-producing plants are plants that produce _________________for reproduction instead of seeds.

Spores are much smaller than __________________.

Almost all flowerless plants produce _____________________.

Examples include ___________________ (nonvascular) and ___________________ (vascular).
_____________________
Flowering Plants
 Flowering plants differ from conifers because they grow their seeds inside an ___________________,
which is embedded in a flower.

The flower then becomes a __________________ containing the seeds.

Examples include most_______________, ________________, ________________, _______________,
_____________________, __________________, and __________________.
(OR)
Cone-bearing Plants
 Most cone-bearing plants are _____________________with ______________________leaves.

Conifers never have _______________________ but produce ___________________in cones.

Examples include_________________, __________________, ____________________,
______________________, and ________________________.
____________________
Monocot
 A seed with ________ food storage area is called a _________________________, or monocot.

Flowers of monocots have either ____________________ petals or multiples of ______________.

The leaves of monocots are _____________ and _______________ with veins that are
_______________________ to each other.

The vascular tube structures are usually ________________________ randomly throughout the stem.

Examples of monocots include _______________, ________________, _______________,
________________, and_____________________.
(OR)
Dicot
 A seed with _________food storage areas is called a _________________________, or dicot.

Flowers of dicots have either ____________ or _____________ petals or multiples of these numbers.

The leaves are usually _________________ with _____________________ veins.

The vascular tube structures are arranged in _______________________ bundles.

Examples of dicots include ___________________, ____________________, ___________________, and
___________________________.
Plant Test 1 Study Guide
6-2.4
Flowering plants have special structures that function for defense, survival, and reproduction.
Structures for Defense
Plants have structures for defense that ____________________them from threats and without these defenses
the plant might _______________.
Examples of natural defenses that plants have developed over time may be:

_______________________ that can defend the plant from being eaten by some animals

fruits and leaves with ______________________ so that they are not eaten by animals

the ability to close its _______________________when touched (thigmotropism)
Structures for Survival
Plants have structures that allow them to ___________________ in their habitats when the conditions are not
suitable. Examples of parts of flowering plants that function for survival may be:

Leaves function as the site of _________________________, ______________________, and
_________________________ in plants.

Stems _____________________ the plant and hold the leaves up to the light.
Stems
also function as __________________________________ sites.


o
The _______________ in the stems transports water from the roots to the leaves and other plant parts.
o
The _______________ in the stems transport food made in the leaves to growing parts of the plant.
Roots help __________________ the plant in the ground.
o
They also absorb _________________ and _____________________ from the soil and store extra food
for the plants.
o
The more ____________________________ on the root that is available, the more water and nutrients
it can absorb.
o
_________________________ help to increase this surface area.
There are two types of roots:
o
__________________________consist of several main roots that branch off to form a mass of roots.
Examples are________________, __________________, and some __________________.
o
_________________________ consist of one large, main root with smaller roots branching off.
Examples are __________________, _______________________, or ___________________.

Seeds have special structures that allow them to be dispersed by __________________,
______________________, or __________________________.

The seed’s coat helps protect the ________________________from injury and also from drying out.
Plant Test 1 Study Guide
Structure for Reproduction
Parts of the flowering plant that function in reproduction include:
Flowers
 Flowers produce ____________________.

Many flowers contain both ________________ and ________________ parts needed to produce new
flowers.

Flower petals are often ___________________or have a ________________ to attract insects and other
animals.
Stamen
 The male part of a flower that has an ___________________ on a stalk (filament).

The anther produces the ____________________ that contains the __________________ cells.
Pistil
 The female part of the flower that contains
o The ovary, which contains the ________________ where the _____________ cells are produced,
o the stigma, which is the sticky top where ___________________ grains land, and
o the style, which is a stalk down which the pollen tube grows after ________________________ has
taken place.
Seed
 The ovule that contains the _____________________(embryo) from which new plants are formed.

A fruit that is formed from the ______________________often protects them.
6-2.5
All flowering plants have ___________________ life cycles. These life cycles include distinct stages. These
stages include:
Germination
 When seeds are dispersed from the parent plant, they can either lay __________________ or they can begin
to ______________________ immediately given the right conditions.

This early stage of seed growth is called__________________________.

The roots begin to grow__________________, while the stem and leaves grow______________.
Plant development
 Over time the _________________ grows into a mature plant (longer, thicker stem; more leaves; flowers)
with the structures necessary to produce more plants.
Fertilization
 When pollen, which is produced in the _________________________of a flower, transfers from stamen to
_________________________ (pollination) and then enters the ___________________, which is located in
the ovary of a flower, ______________________________occurs.
Seed production
 Once the ovule is fertilized it develops into a ________________________.

A ____________________ (fleshy, pod, or shell) then develops to protect the seed.
Plant Test 1 Study Guide
 Seeds are structures that contain the ________________ _______________surrounded by a protective
covering.
6-2.6
There are differences between sexual and asexual reproduction in flowering plants.
Sexual reproduction
 A process of reproduction that requires a _____________cell (in pollen) and an _____________ cell (in the
ovule) to combine to produce a new organism.

All flowering plants undergo ______________________reproduction.
Asexual reproduction
 A process of reproduction that involves only one parent plant or plant part and produces offspring identical
to the ______________________ plant.

Many plants can grow new plants asexually from their___________________ _______________.

If a plant is cut or damaged, it can _____________ new growth from the ___________, _______________,
or ______________________.
Plants use a variety of parts to produce new plants such as:
Tubers, bulbs
 These are all types of underground ________________________.

The “eyes” or buds of tubers, for example potatoes, grow into ______________ and
____________________ to produce a new _________________________.

Bulbs, for example_____________________, are big buds made of a stem and special types of leaves.
Runners
 These are all types of _____________________ that run along the ground.

New strawberries or some ivy grow from the ____________________ of runners.

Many lawn ______________________ grow from runners.
Stem Cuttings
 When a piece of cut stem is planted, _______________________ may form from the cutting, and then a full
plant develops.

________________________and _____________________are examples of plants grown from stem
cuttings.
Roots
 Some fruit trees and bushes send up “suckers” or new __________________ from the roots.

Some plants have _____________________ that can produce new plants from root pieces, such as a sweet
potato.
Leaves
 Some houseplants produce little _______________ right on their leaves.

For example, _____________ ______________can produce plants from leaves placed on top of soil.
Plant Test 1 Study Guide
6-2.7
Plants are organisms that perform certain processes necessary for survival.
Photosynthesis
 Plants are organisms that make their own ____________, a simple _______________, for survival.

The process by which they make this sugar is called ________________________.

Chloroplasts, found in the cells of the leaf, contain ____________________, a green pigment that absorbs
____________ _____________.

During this process, plants use __________________________ gas from the air (taken in through openings,
or pores, in the leaf called ________________) and ________________ (taken in through the roots) to
make __________________ (food) in the leaves.

During the process of photosynthesis, ___________________ is also produced. This gas is released into the
air through the stomata.

Photosynthesis is the process that provides the _____________ in the atmosphere that most living
organisms need.
Respiration
 The ________________ (sugar) created through the process of photosynthesis is used to provide
___________________needed by the plants to perform life functions.

To obtain the energy from the food it produces, plants must break down the sugar in the ___________
throughout the plant in a process called ______________________.

In this process, ____________________ from the air (taken in through the stomata) combines with the
sugar, which is then broken down into _____________________________ and water.


During this process, __________________ is released. This energy can now be used by the plant to
perform life functions.
The carbon dioxide and water that are formed are then given off through the ______________ in the leaves.
Transpiration
 Some of the ______________ taken in through the roots of plants is used for photosynthesis.


However, plants lose most of the water through the ___________________. This process is called
transpiration.
Without a way to control ____________________, plants would wither up and die. Fortunately, plants are
able to slow down transpiration.

_________________________, mostly on the underside of the leaf, open and close the stomata.

When the ____________________ are closed, water cannot escape from the leaf.