* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Renaissance
Survey
Document related concepts
Art in early modern Scotland wikipedia , lookup
Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation wikipedia , lookup
Waddesdon Bequest wikipedia , lookup
Northern Mannerism wikipedia , lookup
Spanish Golden Age wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance philosophy wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance in Scotland wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance architecture wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance music wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance Revival architecture wikipedia , lookup
French Renaissance literature wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
The Renaissance “From about 1330 to 1530, the city-states of the Italian peninsula emerged as the intellectual and artistic centers of Europe.” -classical texts rediscovered -the beauty of nature and dignity of mankind both celebrated -wealthy (banking) families and (sometimes) the Church act as patrons -guilt/fear over wealth/sin -free time to enjoy the finer things -competition for status etc... Florence -hugely profitable textile industry, productive farmlands, proximity of Mediterranean trade, effective leadership, stable Roman legal system... all lead to wealth in late Medieval times -banking begins to thrive; Church eases up on usury rules -by 1400s the Florentine gold Florin became standard Europe-wide currency in trading centers -bills of exchange etc... -Merchant Capitalism erodes Noble power -good education system develops -probably highest literacy in Europe in Renaissance -Venice/Genoa also rise to notable power/wealth -prosperity/success increases intense municipal identity/pride -“I love my native city more than my own soul” – Machiavelli -1434 = Cosimo de’ Medici rise to power -several generations of stable leadership follow Social Structure -Popolo Grasso (Fat Schmucks) were the elite -nobles, wealthy merchants, manufacturers -owned much of the surrounding farmland, too -generally worked by free, but poor peasantry -usually dominated politics through power/patronage -Mediocri (the “meh” sort) were a couple steps below -smaller merchants, successful artisans -Popolo Minuto (“Get a JOB, BUM!”) -everyone else – most of the population -Some degree of mobility possible, particularly in wealthier city-states Political Structure -Republican city-states were dominated by a handful of families -only 2% of men in 15th Cen. Venice could vote; 12% in Bologna -Despotic city-states usually hereditarily run, too -Milan run by the Sforza family -Elites in powerful city-states formed alliances, engaged in “strategic marriages” (Medici-Sforza) and dominated weaker ones -Papal authority in Italian city-states on the wane ever since 14th century “Babylonian Captivity” in Avignon, France -French monarchs clearly dominant over popes at that point Italian Renaissance Culture -concepts like beauty and virtue “gradually released from theological constraints” -Scholasticism gradually supplanted as dominant philosophy, though Christianity still ubiquitous and embraced -Humanism, Secularism, Individualism... (handout) Renaissance and the Church -focus on Classical World aligns nicely with “searching for Christianity’s origins” -attempts at aligning pagan stories with Christianity -Virgil’s Aeneid (1st Cen. BC) transformed into allegory for the “itinerary of the Christian Soul” -Despite diminution of temporal power, Church still dominates spiritual life of Renaissance Italians -Florence has 1400 clerics in 1427; religious festivals dot the calendar throughout the period; much art still religious etc... Renaissance Men -emphasis on mankind’s heroic, divine potential, instead of his sinfulness -Pico della Mirandola: “Man is the molder and sculptor of himself!” th -15 cen. introduces autobiographies & self-portraits -emphasis on the desire to act “civilized” -conduct, manners, fashion etc... (Castiglione’s The Courtier) -Da Vinci (1452-1519) epitomizes “Renaissance Man” -excels in many fields (painter, sculptor, scientist, architect, inventor, military engineer, philosopher...) -Women see far less change in ideal -Church still emphasizes Eve’s sinfulness -Civil law still subordinates women to husbands -Isotta Nogarola “apologizes for the weakness of women’s nature” even as she breaks ground by writing, philosophizing... Renaissance Art -In Venice, “I am a gentleman,” while at home in Nuremberg, “I am a sponger.” (freeloader) – Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) -Antiquity often used for inspiration (i.e. Pantheon in Rome) -Florence’s Duomo rejects Medieval Gothic style -Secular patrons, like Medici, play huge role -Michaelangelo (1475-1564) on Medici payroll -Art “serves the glory of God, the honor of the city, and commemorates myself” – unknown Florentine -Art occasionally used to ridicule/humiliate enemies, too -Women prohibited from apprenticeships/universities, so no famous female artists through 16th century -Renaissance artists often neo-Platonists -mind capable of transcending temporal realm to realm of eternal ideas/forms -Art is “the grandchild of God” –Dante -Beauty “lifts to heaven hearts that truly know” – Michaelangelo -Nature ceases to be mere background; rather emphasized for its own beauty -Human bodies/facial expressions emphasized and realistic -(nude!) body conveyed both for realism & aesthetic beauty -belief that the face was the gateway to the soul -Everyday life increasingly appears in art -Art still conveys lots of symbolic meaning, understandable to contemporary viewers -Science of depicting perspective, depth greatly improved -Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus (1482) oft-cited as the quintessential Renaissance painting (this, David, Entrega de las llaves a San Pedro & ppt) -still Christian themes very pervasive -sculpted tombs both glorify individual & emphasize Salvation -“High Renaissance” (c. 1490-1530) art especially Churchdependent as city-states lose vitality to French/Spanish meddling -Leonardo’s Last Supper, Michaelangelo’s Last Judgment (images) -Popes often claim Caesar-esque titles/legacies -Pope Julius II now “Julius Caesar Pontifex II” End of Italian Renaissance -Only Venice maintains eastern trade contacts after 1453 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) -Portuguese monopolize Indian spice trade around southern tip of Africa (Dias etc... in a couple chapters) -Florentine woolens/silks face increasing competition from French/Dutch -New world colonies bringing great wealth to much of rest of W Europe -Columbus tried, but failed to find Italian support for his “trip” -France/Italy/Ottomans all threaten and/or attach Italian peninsula in 15th/16th centuries -Medici driven out of Florence by French in 1494 -Machiavelli’s The Prince (1513), inspired by Cicero, written in this climate in hopes of restoring Florentine/Italian sovereignty -considered first work of political science -advocates strong, ruthless leadership -By 1530s all Italian city-states, except Venice, dependent on Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain), with France continually attacking, to boot Northern Renaissance -across the Alps, religious Reformation and Ren. culture begin to merge in early 1500s. “The world is coming to its senses as if awakening out of a deep sleep” – Erasmus of Rotterdam Renaissance and the Church -focus on Classical World aligns nicely with “searching for Christianity’s origins” -attempts at aligning pagan stories with Christianity -Virgil’s Aeneid (1st Cen. BC) transformed into allegory for the “itinerary of the Christian Soul” -Despite diminution of temporal power, Church still dominates spiritual life of Renaissance Italians -Florence has 1400 clerics in 1427; religious festivals dot the calendar throughout the period; much art still religious etc... Renaissance Men -emphasis on mankind’s heroic, divine potential, instead of his sinfulness -Pico della Mirandola: “Man is the molder and sculptor of himself!” -15th cen. introduces autobiographies & self-portraits -emphasis on the desire to act “civilized” -conduct, manners, fashion etc... (Castiglione’s The Courtier) -Da Vinci (1452-1519) epitomizes “Renaissance Man” -excels in many fields (painter, sculptor, scientist, architect, inventor, military engineer, philosopher...) -Women see far less change in ideal -Church still emphasizes Eve’s sinfulness -Civil law still subordinates women to husbands -Isotta Nogarola “apologizes for the weakness of women’s nature” even as she breaks ground by writing, philosophizing... Renaissance Art -In Venice, “I am a gentleman,” while at home in Nuremberg, “I am a sponger.” (freeloader) – Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) -Antiquity often used for inspiration (i.e. Pantheon in Rome) -Florence’s Duomo rejects Medieval Gothic style -Secular patrons, like Medici, play huge role -Michaelangelo (1475-1564) on Medici payroll -Art “serves the glory of God, the honor of the city, and commemorates myself” – unknown Florentine -Art occasionally used to ridicule/humiliate enemies, too -Women prohibited from apprenticeships/universities, so no famous female artists through 16th century -Renaissance artists often neo-Platonists -mind capable of transcending temporal realm to realm of eternal ideas/forms -Art is “the grandchild of God” –Dante -Beauty “lifts to heaven hearts that truly know” – Michaelangelo -Nature ceases to be mere background; rather emphasized for its own beauty -Human bodies/facial expressions emphasized and realistic -(nude!) body conveyed both for realism & aesthetic beauty -belief that the face was the gateway to the soul -Everyday life increasingly appears in art -Art still conveys lots of symbolic meaning, understandable to contemporary viewers -Science of depicting perspective, depth greatly improved -Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus (1482) oft-cited as the quintessential Renaissance painting (this, David, Entrega de las llaves a San Pedro & ppt) -still Christian themes very pervasive -sculpted tombs both glorify individual & emphasize Salvation -“High Renaissance” (c. 1490-1530) art especially Church-dependent as city-states lose vitality to French/Spanish meddling -Leonardo’s Last Supper, Michaelangelo’s Last Judgment (images) -Popes often claim Caesar-esque titles/legacies -Pope Julius II now “Julius Caesar Pontifex II” End of Italian Renaissance -Only Venice maintains eastern trade contacts after 1453 Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) -Portuguese monopolize Indian spice trade around southern tip of Africa (Dias etc... in a couple chapters) -Florentine woolens/silks face increasing competition from French/Dutch -New world colonies bringing great wealth to much of rest of W Europe -Columbus tried, but failed to find Italian support for his “trip” -France/Italy/Ottomans all threaten and/or attach Italian peninsula in 15th/16th centuries -Medici driven out of Florence by French in 1494 -Machiavelli’s The Prince (1513), inspired by Cicero, written in this climate in hopes of restoring Florentine/Italian sovereignty -considered first work of political science -advocates strong, ruthless leadership -By 1530s all Italian city-states, except Venice, dependent on Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain), with France continually attacking, to boot Northern Renaissance -across the Alps, religious Reformation and Ren. culture begin to merge in early 1500s. “The world is coming to its senses as if awakening out of a deep sleep” – Erasmus of Rotterdam