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Chapter 8 Clickers
Natural Hazards
Fourth Edition
Subsidence and
Soils
Tim Frazier
The University of Idaho
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
How does the study of soils help evaluate natural hazards?
a) You cannot evaluate natural hazards just from the soil.
b) The chronology of deformed earth materials from faulting has
led to better calculations of earthquake recurrence intervals.
c) All of these are ways that scientists have used soils in
evaluation of natural hazards.
d) The frequency of landslides can be estimated from the
relative age of the soils.
e) Soil properties can help delineate natural floodplains.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
How does the study of soils help evaluate natural hazards?
a) You cannot evaluate natural hazards just from the soil.
b) The chronology of deformed earth materials from faulting has
led to better calculations of earthquake recurrence intervals.
c) All of these are ways that scientists have used soils in
evaluation of natural hazards.
d) The frequency of landslides can be estimated from the
relative age of the soils.
e) Soil properties can help delineate natural floodplains.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
How can the color of the soil help in possible hazard risk
assessment?
a) Red soil usually signifies it is well - drained, which can lead to
lower slope instability.
b) Yellow soil usually signifies it is well - drained, which can lead
to higher slope instability.
c) Red soil usually signifies it is poorly drained, which can lead
to lower slope instability.
d) Red soil usually signifies it is poorly drained, which can lead
to higher slope instability.
e) Yellow soil usually signifies it is poorly drained, which can
lead to lower slope instability.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
How can the color of the soil help in possible hazard risk
assessment?
a) Red soil usually signifies it is well - drained, which can lead to
lower slope instability.
b) Yellow soil usually signifies it is well - drained, which can lead
to higher slope instability.
c) Red soil usually signifies it is poorly drained, which can lead
to lower slope instability.
d) Red soil usually signifies it is poorly drained, which can
lead to higher slope instability.
e) Yellow soil usually signifies it is poorly drained, which can
lead to lower slope instability.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
If the pore spaces in the soil are completely filled with water,
the soil is
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
solid.
saturated.
structurally weak.
unsaturated.
moisture rich.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
If the pore spaces in the soil are completely filled with water,
the soil is
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
solid.
saturated.
structurally weak.
unsaturated.
moisture rich.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Subsidence is commonly associated with
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
All these are associated with subsidence.
color of the soil.
size of the soil particles.
mining of the soil.
dissolution of soluble rocks beneath the surface.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Subsidence is commonly associated with
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
All these are associated with subsidence.
color of the soil.
size of the soil particles.
mining of the soil.
dissolution of soluble rocks beneath the surface.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The figure shown, with rolling hills and alternating areas of
subsidence and undisturbed land, is an example of
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Subsidence topography.
Karst topography.
Palouse topography.
None of the answers are correct.
Sinkhole topography.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The figure shown, with rolling hills and alternating areas of
subsidence and undisturbed land, is an example of
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Subsidence topography.
Karst topography.
Palouse topography.
None of the answers are correct.
Sinkhole topography.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the difference between solutional sinkholes and
collapse sinkholes?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Collapse sinkholes are more common.
Solutional sinkholes form over caves.
They develop in the same way.
Collapse sinkholes are only found in North America.
Collapse sinkholes develop when the surface or near surface material falls into an underground cavern.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the difference between solutional sinkholes and
collapse sinkholes?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Collapse sinkholes are more common.
Solutional sinkholes form over caves.
They develop in the same way.
Collapse sinkholes are only found in North America.
Collapse sinkholes develop when the surface or
near - surface material falls into an underground cavern.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following locations have climates that are
favorable to cave formation?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Louisville, KY
Boston, MA
Denver, CO
Phoenix, AZ
Anchorage, AK
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following locations have climates that are
favorable to cave formation?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Louisville, KY
Boston, MA
Denver, CO
Phoenix, AZ
Anchorage, AK
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thermokarst has formed in the Arctic due to
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
All of the answers are correct.
disappearing streams.
climatic warming in the past 5 decades.
highly eroded karst landscapes.
solutional sinkholes.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thermokarst has formed in the Arctic due to
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
All of the answers are correct.
disappearing streams.
climatic warming in the past 5 decades.
highly eroded karst landscapes.
solutional sinkholes.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
How has human activity lead to an amplification of natural
delta subsidence?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Forced flooding of the area that moves sediment to the area
Farm areas along the river that have fertilizer runoff
Rebuilding marsh areas in the delta
Building of homes along the riverbanks that contribute to
pollution
e) Building of levees and dams that prevent sediment to reach
the delta
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
How has human activity lead to an amplification of natural
delta subsidence?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Forced flooding of the area that moves sediment to the area
Farm areas along the river that have fertilizer runoff
Rebuilding marsh areas in the delta
Building of homes along the riverbanks that contribute to
pollution
e) Building of levees and dams that prevent sediment to
reach the delta
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which has not been a cause of subsidence in the Mississippi
Delta?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Withdrawal of natural gas
Cutting channels though levees
Starving the delta of new sediment and nutrients
Withdrawal of oil
Withdrawal of groundwater
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which has not been a cause of subsidence in the Mississippi
Delta?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Withdrawal of natural gas
Cutting channels though levees
Starving the delta of new sediment and nutrients
Withdrawal of oil
Withdrawal of groundwater
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which is not an indication that there are expansive soils in
an area?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Wavy bumps on surfaces
Depressions in the road
Cracks in the driveway
Upward movement of land surfaces
Tilting signs and utility poles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which is not an indication that there are expansive soils in
an area?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Wavy bumps on surfaces
Depressions in the road
Cracks in the driveway
Upward movement of land surfaces
Tilting signs and utility poles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which is not an effect of subsidence and soil volume
change?
a) Wetland loss in deltas and bays
b) Pollution of groundwater due to connections with surface
water
c) Increased groundwater - table levels to use during droughts
d) Rupture of underground water lines
e) Structure damage due to thawing of permafrost
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which is not an effect of subsidence and soil volume
change?
a) Wetland loss in deltas and bays
b) Pollution of groundwater due to connections with surface
water
c) Increased groundwater - table levels to use during
droughts
d) Rupture of underground water lines
e) Structure damage due to thawing of permafrost
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
How are climate change, subsidence, and soil volume
change related?
a) Global warming is primary cause of permafrost melting in the
Arctic, which in turn releases greenhouse gases that could
slow down climate change.
b) Depletion of the delta wetlands due to subsidence decreases
sea level rise.
c) Warming temperatures decreases the need for groundwater
mining.
d) Global warming is the primary cause of permafrost melting in
the Arctic, which in turn releases greenhouse gases that
could speed up climate change.
e) Sea level rise causes the subsidence of deltas and bays.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
How are climate change, subsidence, and soil volume
change related?
a) Global warming is primary cause of permafrost melting in the
Arctic, which in turn releases greenhouse gases that could
slow down climate change.
b) Depletion of the delta wetlands due to subsidence decreases
sea level rise.
c) Warming temperatures decreases the need for groundwater
mining.
d) Global warming is the primary cause of permafrost
melting in the Arctic, which in turn releases greenhouse
gases that could speed up climate change.
e) Sea level rise causes the subsidence of deltas and bays.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which is a natural service function of subsidence and soil
volume change?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Reducing delta wetlands
Creating unique ecosystems
Creating landfill areas
Destroying caves
There are no natural service functions of subsidence and soil
volume change
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which is a natural service function of subsidence and soil
volume change?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Reducing delta wetlands
Creating unique ecosystems
Creating landfill areas
Destroying caves
There are no natural service functions of subsidence and soil
volume change
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
What happens when humans withdrawal subsurface fluids,
such as oil, natural gas, and water?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Pumping out the liquid reduces support of the earth material.
The earth material becomes more saturated.
Pumping out the liquid causes the earth material to swell.
The earth material expands due to air pockets that are
created.
e) Earth fissures decrease in size.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
What happens when humans withdrawal subsurface fluids,
such as oil, natural gas, and water?
a) Pumping out the liquid reduces support of the earth
material.
b) The earth material becomes more saturated.
c) Pumping out the liquid causes the earth material to swell.
d) The earth material expands due to air pockets that are
created.
e) Earth fissures decrease in size.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The figure shows Jefferson Island and the salt mine and
nearby oil drilling rig. What was the end result of this
particular oil drilling location?
a) The drilling blocked the airshaft to the mine resulting in its
closure
b) Salt contaminated the oil
c) No oil could be removed due to the closeness to the mine
d) The drilling penetrated the mine causing mine flooding, lake
draining, and other damage
e) The salt mines caused subsidence and resulted in damage to
the drilling rig
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The figure shows Jefferson Island and the salt mine and
nearby oil drilling rig. What was the end result of this
particular oil drilling location?
a) The drilling blocked the airshaft to the mine resulting in its
closure
b) Salt contaminated the oil
c) No oil could be removed due to the closeness to the mine
d) The drilling penetrated the mine causing mine flooding,
lake draining, and other damage
e) The salt mines caused subsidence and resulted in damage to
the drilling rig
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is a realistic way to minimize hazards from subsidence
and soil volume change?
a) Completely stop further subsidence of human settlements on
delta plains
b) Construct buildings on a compacted fill layer
c) Installation of injection wells
d) Restoration of drained organic soils or collapsed soils
e) Stop all mining
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is a realistic way to minimize hazards from subsidence
and soil volume change?
a) Completely stop further subsidence of human settlements on
delta plains
b) Construct buildings on a compacted fill layer
c) Installation of injection wells
d) Restoration of drained organic soils or collapsed soils
e) Stop all mining
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The best adjustment to subsidence and soil volume change
is to avoid building in the areas prone to these hazards. Why
is this not possible?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The areas shift over time.
They get little media coverage so they are not well - studied.
There is no way to identify high - risk areas.
In the United States and Canada alone, there is a great
portion of the land that is affected by at least one of the
hazards.
e) All of these are reasons it is not possible.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
The best adjustment to subsidence and soil volume change
is to avoid building in the areas prone to these hazards. Why
is this not possible?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The areas shift over time.
They get little media coverage so they are not well - studied.
There is no way to identify high - risk areas.
In the United States and Canada alone, there is a great
portion of the land that is affected by at least one of the
hazards.
e) All of these are reasons it is not possible.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.