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The habitat condition data dictionary (and why it’s not a limiting factors data dictionary) David E Hamm Effective Habitat Restoration Has Extensive Data Needs Restoration planning requires habitat information but planning is happening at a larger scale than data collection Assessing restoration effectiveness requires knowledge of habitat condition before and after restoration Understanding the linkage between population status and habitat condition Understanding the linkage between restoration projects and changes to habitat condition We Need a Habitat Condition Data Dictionary These needs all necessitate the bringing together of data on habitat condition from diverse sources Data dictionaries allow the collection and standardization of data They enforce the consistent use of language They specify data needs and data gaps A Survey of Pre-Existing Lists and Habitat Assessments A bottom up approach Surveyed limiting factor lists and habitat descriptions from federal, state, tribal, county, non-profit and for profit sources Include all major habitat types in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Northern California) West and east side of the Cascade Mountains, coastal watersheds, large rivers (Columbia) and small tributaries in urban and rural watersheds (not a lot is there) * Common to all li Methow SubBasin P Oregon Coast Co Conservation Pla QHA (Mobrand In Puget Sound Recover Upper Columbia Sal Recovery Plan L. Col. Subbasin pl PCSRF EDT (Mobrand In Habitat Concern Sub-Category WCC LFA Shared Terms Among Limiting Factor Lists Habitat Concern Category Access Hydromodification Confinement Filling Dredging Road Density Key Habitat Habitat/Stream Complexity Channel Stability Floodplain Conditions Sediment Conditions Instream Habitat Riparian Conditions Water Quality Water Quantity Loss of Habitat Connectivity Degraded Side-Channel Habitat Degraded or loss of Wetlands Sediment Quantity Stream Bank Conditions Sediment Size Instream LWD Pool Habitat Habitat Diversity LWD Recruitment Riparian Condition Temp. O2 Water Quality Turbidity High flow Low Flows Toxic Contaminants Water Sediments Food Web Alterations Food Species Interactions Introduced Competitors and Predators Intraspecific Competition Increased Native Predation Pathogens Poaching or Harassment Artificial Structures Pocket Estuaries Overhead Structures * What Did We Find? Limiting factor lists mix ecological processes operating over a wide variety of spatial and temporal scales Many assessments, very little current data Assessments use one another as references, repeating their findings Majority of original information and analysis was collected for other purposes Circular references mask the paucity and antiquity of the data on which assessments are based Why not a limiting factors data dictionary? Limiting Factors Liebig’s law of the minimum “growth of an organism is controlled by the scarcest resource, not by the total of resources available.” Idea has been extended to include the maximum or minimum tolerance of any environmental factor for an organism Why not a limiting factors data dictionary? Late 1980s, “limiting factors” was the basis of a model for estimating the capacity of freshwater habitat types for coho salmon Other assessments do not follow the method of Reeves et al. Despite wide spread use of the term “limiting factors,” there is no agreement on meaning or what features qualify Starting Fresh Habitat Concern: An environmental feature that reduces or degrades the essential needs, causes instantaneous mortality or approaches the physiological tolerance limits for, a given population Use an explicit definition Use a set of criteria for term membership Eliminate very general and narrow categories Limiting Factors Habitat Concern ID Definition Habitat-Spawning and egg incubation Habitat-Rearing Sediment Conditions 1 Physiological Thresholds Sample fragment of the Habitat Concern Data Dictionary Reduction of the quantity or quality of spawning habitat due to changes to the background (natural) quantity, rate, and size of sediment inputs to the stream system. Alternate Terms Sediment, Stream Spawning Habitat, Beach Spawning Habitat (lake), Substrate, Benthic Habitat Habitat ConcernSub Category ID Definition Alternate Terms Decreased Sediment Quantity 1 Decreased input of sediment to the stream system. Sediment Quantity, Substra Scour, Entrenchment, Loss Habitat Increased Sediment Quantity 2 Increases input of sediment to the stream system. Bank erosion, Sediment Qu Substrate Quantity, Excessi Sedimentation, Aggradatio Sediment Size Ratio 3 Changes to the size ratio (increases or decreases) of sediment into the stream bed. Excess Fines, Embededne Size Ratio 1 Direct exposure to toxic substance in the water column. Short-term Toxicity, Stormw Discharge, Outfalls, Wastew point Source Pollution, Spill Debris, Point Source Pollut Mercury 2 Toxics substances found in prey that negatively affect salmon. Includes persistent toxic substances that are concentrated as they are consumed and move to the next trophic level . Bioaccumulation Toxicity, P Oil, Organochlorides , Pest Water Direct Mortality Toxic Contaminants 2 Exposure to chemical substances capable of causing sub-lethal or lethal impacts. Pollution Biota Altered Primary Productivity Food* Direct Mortality* Food Direct Mortality 3 4 Insufficient food for salmonids. Induced instantaneous mortality. Competition, Prey Availability, Species Competition Interactions 3 Predation 1 Pathogens Access and Availability Habitat-Rearing Habitat Quantity and Quality 5 Insufficient quantity of total habitat or habitat diversity due to the loss of some habitat types. Includes habitat degradation (loss of habitat services to salmon) due to simplification, loss of habitat heterogeneity and other structural changes. Complexity, Connectivity, Access, Structure, Simplification 2 Altered Prey Species Composition and Diversity Predation, Disease, Species Interactions Anthropogenic Mortality Habitat-Spawning and egg incubation 1 Morphological Changes Small-Scale Alteration of ecological dynamics affecting the quantity, quality and/or species composition of phytoplankton or detritus resulting in insufficient food available for salmonids or prey species. Insufficient food due interspecific and intraspecific (hatchery produced) competition. Alteration of ecological dynamics affecting the species composition, distribution or nutritional quality of zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, forage-fish or other prey resulting in insufficient food for salmonids. Introduced salmon predators or changes to the habitat that increase native predator numbers or increase predator success. Micro and Macro-Detrital In Carcasses, Down-welling, O Conditions, Detritus, Phytop Hatchery Fish, Increased Na Competitors, Invasive Spec Species Diversity, Prey Spe Abundance, Invasive Speci Food Web Dynamics Invasive/Exotic Fish or Inver Predators Native Fish, Native Bird, Na Pinnipeds Fishing, Poaching, Strandin due to Instream Structures a Take 2 The anthropogenic mortality which reduces population viability. 3 Introduction of disease causing organisms or parasites. Disease, Sea Lice, 1 Loss of access to habitat and/or habitat sub-types. Includes partial or ephemeral barriers. Access, Barriers, Access t Channels, Flap Gates, Tida Culverts, Obstacles 2 Alteration of large scale (whole channel) landform and water body morphological characteristics (e.g. slope, depth, width, configuration, profile, contours, slope, etc.) that alters the circulation or flow of water, profile, structure or variety of availa Connectivity, Levees, Dike sinuosity, Isolated Floodpla Peripheral Habitat, Bank Ha Channel Incision, Channeliz Aggradation, Bed substrate Armoring, Bridge Crossings Confinement, Nearshore se Alteration of small scale (within channel) features, including organic (e.g. LWD) or inorganic structures LWD, Pools, Boulders, Ban ha nn Ar el Fo tif Mo od icia di l fi To We St cat xi b A ruc ion Sp c C lt tu e r Fl eci ont rat es oo es a io dp In min ns R lai ter an ip n a t s ar C ct ia on io C n C di ns ha o tio nn nd ns el itio St ns In ab st re A ilit am cc y Se di Wa H ess Al me te ab te n r Q ita re t C u t d o a H nd lity yd it ro ion gr s ap hy C Percent Compositon Making a Pilot Database of Habitat Condition 16 14 12 10 8 6 The spectrum of need in the Columbia-Cascade Province 4 2 0 Habitat Concern Habitat concerns can then be mapped for analysis 5.0 4.5 2 R = 0.2045 4.0 A tool for evaluating the correspondence between habitat condition and the number of restoration projects Ln of Projects 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 Number of Habitat Concerns Now have a tool to create a crosswalk to the project database Conclusion Restoration of salmonid populations is dependent on the actions and information of many parties Data dictionaries can be used to synthesize data from diverse sources and do novel analysis at larger scales Continued use of the term “limiting factor” hampers both assessment and analysis We hope the data dictionary can be of use to others or act as an example of how to integrate ecological data from diverse sources The Habitat Concerns Data Dictionary Habitat Concern Habitat Quantity Direct Mortality Toxic Contaminants ID Definition 1 2 3 Insufficient quantity of total habitat or habitat diversity due to the elimination of access Induced instantaneous mortality. Exposure to chemical substances capable of causing sub-lethal or lethal impacts to individuals or offspring. Alternate Terms Connectivity, Access, Structure, Simplification, Availability Predation, Disease, Species Interactions Habitat ConcernSub Category Anthropogenic Barriers ID Definition 1 Loss of access to habitat and/or habitat sub-types due to anthropogenic activity. Includes partial or ephemeral barriers. Lasting natural barriers to stream or estuary access, including waterfalls, sand bars, log jams, sufficiently steep gradients or insufficient water. May represent the end of good quality habitat Introduced salmon predators or changes to the habitat that increase native predator numbers or increase predator success. Introduction of disease causing organisms or parasites. Natural Barriers 2 Predation 1 Pathogens 2 Water 1 Direct exposure to toxic substance in the water column. 2 Toxics substances found in prey that negatively affect salmon. Includes persistent toxic substances that are concentrated as they are consumed and move to the next trophic level . Pollution Biota Habitat Concern ID Definition Alternate Terms Habitat ConcernSub Category Altered Primary Productivity Food 4 Insufficient food for salmonids. Competition, Prey Availability, Species Competition Interactions Altered Prey Species Composition and Diversity Riparian Condition 5 Degradation of the habitat adjacent to streams, rivers, lakes and nearshore environments. Impairment of the near-bank environment to support plants including large trees that help stabilize stream banks, provide shade, add primary production to the aquatic ecosystem and Riparian Condition ID Definition 1 2 3 1 Disturbance to streamside ecological relationships, including but not limited to, loss of flora, erosion and increased light and temperatures 2 Loss of mature streamside trees that may become instream structures and associated decline in habitat complexity Impaired Riparian Function/Condition, microclimate, lack of shade LWD Recruitment Alteration of ecological dynamics affecting the quantity, quality and/or species composition of phytoplankton or detritus resulting in insufficient food available for salmonids or prey species. Insufficient food due interspecific and intraspecific (hatchery produced) competition. Alteration of ecological dynamics affecting the species composition, distribution or nutritional quality of zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, forage-fish or other prey resulting in insufficient food for salmonids. Habitat Concern Peripheral Habitat Channel Structure and Form ID Definition 6 7 Loss and degradation of relatively flat peripheral habitat of streams and rivers that is periodically inundated during high flows. Includes associated sloughs, side-channels, and freshwater wetlands important for rearing. Includes factors that contribute to multiple limiting factors Changes to River, Stream, Lake. Estuarine tributary and Distributary channel form, causing bedload movement including the loss (scour) or fill (aggradation) of the channel and associated loss of spawning habitat, disruption to passage and loss of instream ecosystem function Alternate Terms Habitat ConcernSub Category 1 Loss and degradation of sidechannels, associated sloughs and freshwater wetlands important for rearing. Includes loss of connectivity Floodplain Condition 2 Loss and degradation of relatively flat peripheral habitat of streams and rivers that is periodically inundated during high flows. Includes loss of connectivity due to anthropogenic alterations Esturary Conditions 3 Loss and degradation of saltwater transition zone 1 Changes to River, Stream, Lake. Estuarine tributary and Distributary channel form, causing bedload movement including the loss (scour) or fill (aggradation) of the channel and associated loss of spawning habitat, disruption to passage and loss of instream ecosystem function 2 Decline of the instream habitat quality. Based on the degree of habitat complexity and variety, includes the quantity and variability of stream depth and pools of varying size and depth. Side Channel and Wetland Conditions High quality overwinter rearing habitat, Habitat Diversity, (Key) Habitat Quantity/Quality, Refugia Habitat ID Definition Channel Conditions, Bed and Channel Form Channel Form, Channel morphology, Channel Instability, Channel Stability, Loss of Spawning Substrate due to high flow, Bedload Instream Structural Movement Complexity Habitat Concern Sediment Conditions Water Quality ID Definition 8 9 Reduction of the quantity or quality of spawning habitat due to changes to the background (natural) quantity, rate, and size of sediment inputs to the stream system. Degraded chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a salmon, excluding toxins and pathogens. Alternate Terms Sediment, Stream Spawning Habitat, Spawning Gravel, Beach Spawning Habitat (lake), Substrate, Benthic Habitat Habitat ConcernSub Category ID Definition Decreased Sediment Quantity 1 Decreased input of sediment to the stream system. Increased Sediment Quantity 2 Increases input of sediment to the stream system. Temperature 1 Water temperature deviations, either in intensity or duration, sufficient to have adverse effects on listed salmonids Oxygen 2 Turbidity 3 pH 4 Salinity 5 Oxygen concentration deviations sufficient to induce adverse effects in listed salmonids. Increased concentrations of suspended fine particulate matter sufficient to have adverse effects in listed salmonids, including reduction of their foraging ability and/or degradation of ecosystem function. Acidity/alkalinity deviations sufficient to adversely effect salmonids or the species on which they feed. Salinity at concentrations harmful to salmon Habitat Concern ID Definition Alternate Terms Habitat ConcernSub Category Increased Water Quantity Water Quantity Detrimental effects of deviations to the background (natural) 10 amount and timing of water quantity instream, including lowered water quality and barriers to access. Changes in Flow Regime, Spring Freshets, Piped Outfalls of Surface and Ground Water, Withdrawals, FlowRelated Plume Changes Decreased Water Quantity Altered Flow Timing ID Definition 1 Habitat disturbance associated with abnormally (compared to background) high water flow and increased "flashiness", including loss of channel substrate and the flushing of young fish downstream. 2 Habitat disturbances associated with abnormally (compared to background) low water flow, including but not limited to, increased temperature, loss of sediment, nutrients and barriers to passage and redd dewatering. 3 Habitat changes associated with alterations to the background (natural) timing of water quantity instream. Restoration Project X Habitat Concern Crosswalk Project Type_Sub-Type Barrier Removal_Culvert Improvements/Upgrade Barrier Removal_Culvert Installation Barrier Removal_Culvert Removal Barrier Removal_Culvert Replacement Barrier Removal_Dam Removal Barrier Removal_Push-up dam/Diversion dam removal Barrier Removal_Fish By-pass Barrier Removal_Fish Ladder Barrier Removal_Fish Ladder Improved Barrier Removal_Fish Ladder Installed Barrier Removal_Log Jam/Debris Removal Barrier Removal_Other Barrier Removal_Tidegate Barrier Removal_Weir Diversion Screens_Fish screen Diversion Screens_Fish screen replacement Sediment Reduction_Erosion Control Structures Sediment Reduction_Other Sediment Reduction_Road Closing/Abandonment Sediment Reduction_Road Drainage Sediment Reduction_Road Relocation Sediment Reduction_Rocked Ford Sediment Reduction_Sediment Traps Restore Stream Complexity-Channel Complexity_Bank Habitat Quantity 1 Anthropog Natural enic Barriers Barriers 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 Direct Mortality 2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1 1.1 1.1 2 2 Predation Pa 2.1 40 35 No. of Projects 30 25 20 Broad Narrow 15 10 Imprecise, Inaccurate or overly general habitat categories will introduce even greater uncertainty 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Approriate Projects 80 70 No. of Projects 60 50 Broad 40 Narrow 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Percentage LFs Addressed 80 90 100 Crosswalks can be highly sensitive: