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Year / Part: II / II Lecture #5 History of Eastern Architecture / Islamic Architecture / 2005 Lecture No. 5 Early Mughal Architecture (Contd…) The Period of Akbar Akbar was the king of builders – for his extensive building activities, for his architectural vision through his half century of empire and city building Akbar gave his artists from various parts of the country the opportunity to exploit their ideas to the fullest and the freedom of expression, his builders were not asked to adhere to “style representing the single religion” Akbar had no desire for promoting any particular regional style – a liberal patronage - but he wanted to achieve a “central theme” in building activities along with all-India empire Architectural features of buildings of Akbar Trabeated structure and arcuated elevational development / decorative arcading Decorative, many sided pillar shafts with bracketed capitals Carving and inlay works Interior paintings Use of red sand stone – minimal use of white marble It is recorded that Akbar had built five hundreds buildings and pavilions within the enclosure of Agra Fort. These structures from Akbar’s time were demolished some sixty five years later by his grandson Shah Jahan to accommodate new white marble buildings. Few of those surviving edifices are Jahangiri Mahal and the rampart and the Delhi Gates. Agra Fort, Agra (1565 – 74 AD) A fortified palace in the form of irregular semi – circle laid on the banks of river Yamuna The massive red sand stone enclosure with high 70 ft. high rampart with battlements – first application of dressed stone with iron dowels Two gateways, one on the southern side for private entry and other on west known as Delhi Gate was the main entrance Course Teacher: Ar. Rajjan Man Chitrakar Architecture Dept. - nec 1 Year / Part: II / II Lecture #5 History of Eastern Architecture / Islamic Architecture / 2005 Delhi Gate in Agra fort: Octagonal towers joined by an archway Use of recesses with arches on the elevation Rich ornamentations along with white marble inlay works Use of bird motifs – contrary to the Quranic objection to the living forms Back side has arcaded terrace with cupolas, kiosks and pinnacles above Jahangiri Mahal in Red Fort, Agra (1570 AD) Of experimental nature – a state of transition from Hindu Palace to Muslim one Irregular grouping / asymmetrical arrangement of halls and rooms dispersed around two courtyards aligned along a central axis Interior works are much more Hindu as wooden derivatives are apparent in brackets, struts, etc. The two storey front façade of the building consists of central arched opening and deep horizontal Chajjas over wall of blind arches with octagonal turrets at the corners Fatehpur Sikri – The Ceremonials Capital, Agra (1590 AD) Sikri was a place of some significance to Akbar as his grandfather Babur had waged a crucial war in the plains below and built a small mosque to celebrate his victory. Akbar in 1570s was riding a crest of success with his triumphs in Gujarat and Rajasthan thought that the Sikri hill would be an auspicious site for his new capital, also considering its architectural potential. Within a decade the site was transformed into a new capital city of the Mughals which had a population of 2,00,000. In Fatehpur Sikri, the buildings were of disparate nature schematically put together into a unified dynamic complex. It was probably due to available at site, the architects departed from conventional ideas of building isolated structures linked up by streets. Instead the buildings were planted around and in the middle of the courtyard forming a visual and spatial sequence. Course Teacher: Ar. Rajjan Man Chitrakar Architecture Dept. - nec 2 Year / Part: II / II Lecture #5 History of Eastern Architecture / Islamic Architecture / 2005 The most ambitious architectural project of Akbar’s reign and also the most notable building achievement after Taj Mahal Located 26 miles west of Agra, the Sikri was the great complex of palatial, residential, official and religious buildings It holds the concept of unified India – as craftsmen and artists from various parts of India were involved and allowed to express their designs freely ensuring visual unity - consequently craftsmanship of various regions is apparent in building details – “architectural expression of politics” Built on as isolated rocky outcrop, rising considerably high over its surrounding, the city rose considerably in short time period It was a rectangular enclosure of two mile length and one mile width The city had no streets but broad terraces and stately courtyards, interconnecting numerous palaces, pavilions, mosques, tombs, stables and courts to form as urban complex (however it is also said that in its layout there is a little evidence of any systematic town planning having been put into practice) The whole complex was executed considering economy and natural terrain – planned and matching with natural contours The city runs from north east to south west and most of the buildings are planned at an angle to get north south orientation to align them in harmony with the religious structure of Jami Masjid All the buildings on the south side, the Diwan – i – am, Jami Masjid were accessible to people, the rest being disposed off The whole complex can be divided into two parts: the religious complex (oriented EW) and the secular complex (oriented NS) Except for Jami Masjid of religious complex which is arcuated in construction, most of the other structures are trabeated It is said that the structures were built in present day concept of prefabrication, the columns, slabs, chajjas being prepared in stone quarries and brought to site for assembly Use of rich red colored sand stone also bringing visual unity Course Teacher: Ar. Rajjan Man Chitrakar Architecture Dept. - nec 3 Lecture #5 History of Eastern Architecture / Islamic Architecture / 2005 Year / Part: II / II The life of the city was short, the city was hardly used but abandoned as soon as it was completed probably because of shortage of water and remained empty ghost city for about three hundreds years Buildings at Sikri Religious buildings / structures Jami Masjid Tomb of Salim Chisti Buland Darwaza Secular buildings Palaces: Khwabgah Jodha Bai’s Palace Mariam’s Palace Sultana’s Palace Birbal’s House Administrative buildings: Diwan – i – khas Diwan – i – am The Paanch Mahal Jami Masjid Largest and imposing structure Rectangular area measuring about 164.2 m X 132.7 m When first constructed, it was approached by the entrances at north, south and east Western side contains the main sanctuary and three sides are cloisters Also contain tank of water in the middle of court There is a large dome in center of the sanctuary and smaller domes on either sides of naïve Tomb of Salim Chisti Located with in cloistered quadrangle of Jami Masjid, the tomb stands out as a jewel set in marble against red sand stone background of mosque Course Teacher: Ar. Rajjan Man Chitrakar Architecture Dept. - nec 4 Year / Part: II / II Lecture #5 History of Eastern Architecture / Islamic Architecture / 2005 Later addition by Jahangir Seems to be aerial in weight and embroidered in delicate carving of marble Serpentine brackets support the broad sloping eaves Whole structure is covered by low dome The marble work and the delicate treatment of infill in arched openings provide a delicate quality more benefiting a piece of jewelry than the robust architecture of Islamic style The whole complex is low, the scale is human and is in total contrast to backdrop of Jami Masjid and the Buland Darwaza Buland Darwaza A triumphal gateway placed at the southern part of mosque – a later addition by Akbar A grand archway made of red sand stone The huge 15.3 m wide and 30.5 m high arch is approached by grand flight of steps of total height of 12.8 m from ground level, the steps spread out as they descend – a lofty base The arch rises to total height of 40.8 m including steps exhibit massive proportion and bold solidity with its gigantic size Entry arch is recessed with semi dome on half decagon Parapets with cupola kiosks provide wavy skyline Band for inscriptional ornamentation are present Towards the mosque, the great height is reduced to half with inside elevational treatment to reduce solidity and massiveness The central framed arch is flanked by soaring thin minarets and chamfered back broad surfaces The Palace of Jodha Bai The most complete among all buildings of the complex Built in courtyard system with high and plain wall More developed than Jahangiri Mahal Inward looking plan with secluded courtyard Course Teacher: Ar. Rajjan Man Chitrakar Architecture Dept. - nec 5 Year / Part: II / II Lecture #5 History of Eastern Architecture / Islamic Architecture / 2005 Two self contained double storey flats Hindu décor and architectural treatments Roof exhibits cupolas at certain places Regional group of artisans were used (for speedy works) Mariam's House Simple structure without a interior courtyard but with Persian mural painting Two storey and smallest residence Sultana's Palace Single storey pavilion with one apartment with pillared verandah Carved decoration - timber antecedents Birbal's House Two storey house with four rooms on ground floor and two rooms and terrace on first floor Verandah on ground floor giving Hindu look Porches with pyramidal roofs and rooms with domed roof Diwan - i - khas House of special audience of simple square plan Notable feature is central mushroom pillar used to form circular platform (36 brackets) Two storey building with flat roof, parapets and kiosks at each corner Single room interior with hanging corridor on first floor supported on central column Diwan - i - am A simple pavilion with colonnaded surrounding gallery, placed with in a courtyard beyond which common people could not enter Other structure: Girl's school, Anup Talao (recreational platform), storehouse, stable, etc. Course Teacher: Ar. Rajjan Man Chitrakar Architecture Dept. - nec 6