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1. Fort Sumter
Charleston, SC
When: April 12-13, 1861
Where:
Union Commander: Major Robert Anderson Confederate Commander:
PGT Beauregard
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union surrendered the fort. South wins the battle. South seen
as the ones who start the war since they fired the first shot. No
casualties.
2. First Bull Run/First Manassas When: July 21, 1861 Where:
Manassas, VA
Union Commander: Gen. Irvin McDowell
PGT Beauregard
Confederate Commander:
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Confederate victory. Union runs away in a chaotic retreat.
“Battle of Blunders.” 2600 casualties. Shocks the nation. Makes people
realize the war will not be over soon. Union mobilizes even more troops
and begins strict training regimen
3. Wilson’s Creek
Creek, MO
When: August 10, 1861
Where: Wilson’s
Union Commander: Gen. Nathaniel Lyon Confederate Commander:
Gen. Ben McCollough and Gen. Sterling Price
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Confederate victory. 2400 casualties. Initially looked like this
victory would lead to the secession of Missouri, but the union forces and
politicians in the state were able to keep Missouri loyal to the Union for
the duration of the war.
4. Ball’s Bluff/Leesburg/Harrison’s Island When: October 21, 1861
Where: Leesburg, VA
Union Commander: Gen. George McCall
Col. Nathan Evans
Confederate Commander:
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Confederate victory. 155 casualties. Col. Edward Baker was
killed. He was a sitting US Senator and is the only sitting US Senator
ever killed in battle. He was Democrat. Democrats were seen as soft on
the war. Some believed he conspired to help the Confederates win the
battle. It led to the formation of a Congressional committee to observe
and evaluate the officers’ conduct of the war. It created deep political
division in the Union army for the remainder of the war.
5. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson When: February, 1862 Where:
Kentucky and Tennessee Border along the Tennessess and Cumberland
Rivers.
Union Commander: Gen. Ulysses S. Grant Confederate Commander:
Gen. Simon Buckner
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union victory. Casualties vary between 125 and nearly 6000.
Almost 15,000 Confederate troops were captured. The Union was able
to control the states of Kentucky and Tennessee by controlling the
Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. This guaranteed Kentucky would
remain a state in the Union and greatly minimized resistance in
Tennessee while allowing Union troops and supplies to use the rivers to
penetrate deep into southern territory.
6. Pea Ridge
AR
When: March 6-8, 1862
Union Commander: Gen. Samuel Curtis
Gen. Earl Van Dorn
Where: Pea Ridge,
Confederate Commander:
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union victory. 8500 Casualties. Union routed and confused
the Confederate forces along the Missouri/Arkansas border. This battle
ensures that Missouri will be a Union state for the rest of the war. It
crushed Confederate optimism that Missouri may secede after an earlier
Confederate victory at Wilson’s Creek.
7. Shiloh/Pittsburgh Landing
Pittsburg Landing, TN
When: April 6-7, 1862 Where:
Union Commander: Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Gen. Albert Sydney Johnston
Confederate Commander:
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union Victory. 23000 casualties! Nearly a Union loss but
saved on second day of battle by reinforcements. Taught Grant the
lesson of not underestimating the enemy. Grant removed from command
under suspicion of being drunk on the eve of battle. General Johnston,
Confederates’ best field commander besides Lee was killed
8. McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign When: January to June, 1862
Where: James Peninsula in Virginia on the way to Richmond, VA
Union Commander: Gen. George B. McClellan Confederate Commander:
Gen. Robert E. Lee
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting impact?):
Series of Confederate victories, but Union continued to advance toward
Richmond. Lee finally defeated McClellan at the Seven Days Battle near
Richmond and McClellan retreated. Casualties were in the tens of
thousands because there were dozens of skirmishes and major battles. The
result was Lincoln removed McClellan from command. Even though he
outnumbered the Confederates, McClellan was hesitant to engage the
enemy. Lincoln was frustrated that such a superior army could be defeated.
It led to years of frustration for Lincoln and the North as Lee continued to
win battles he shouldn’t have because the Union commanders were so
incompetent.
9. Second Bull Run/Second Manassas
Where: Manassas, VA
When: August 29-30, 1862
Union Commander: Gen. John Pope Confederate Commander: Gen.
Robert E. Lee
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Overwhelming Confederate victory. 25000 casualties!
Showed again the superiority of Confederate leadership and cavalry.
Confederate Cavalry General JEB Stuart made a ride around the Union
army taunting them and disrupting Union supply lines. Gave Lee
confidence to invade the North and try to end the war by striking for the
first time on Union soil. Lincoln reinstated McClellan to command of
the Union forces.
10. Antietam/Sharpsburg When: September 17, 1862 Where:
Sharpsburg, MD
Union Commander: Gen. McClellan Confederate Commander: Gen. Lee
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union victory. Bloodiest single day of the war with 23000
casualties. Forced lee to withdraw back to the south. McClellan could
have completely defeated the Confederate army, but McClellan refused
to follow up. McClellan removed from command for good. Gave
Lincoln a much-needed victory so he could issue the Emancipation
Proclamation freeing the slaves from a position of strength. The
Proclamation did not really free any slaves, but it made the war about
slavery instead of preserving the Union and ensured that foreign powers
like Great Britain would not enter the war on the side of the Confederacy.
The Proclamation did not free any
slaves of the border states (Kentucky,
Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and
West Virginia), or of any southern state
(or part of a state) already under Union
control. By limiting emancipation so
that it would affect only those areas in
rebellion and only those individuals
who supported that rebellion, Lincoln
could retain the loyalty of pro-Union
slave owners, and for that matter, proUnion racists. So concerned was he lest
soldiers would fight not to end slavery
but only to save the Union, that he
published the provisional emancipation
in the form of a booklet on September
24, 1862, to be distributed throughout
the Army.
11. Fredericksburg When: December 13, 1862
Fredericksburg, VA
Where:
Union Commander: Gen. Ambrose Burnside
Commander: Gen. Lee
Confederate
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Crushing Confederate victory. 18000 casualties, mostly
Union. Burnside nearly caught Lee by surprise by heading straight for
Richmond instead of following the army. Lee cuts off Burnside and
stops his advance. Burnside is forced to retreat and wait for spring.
Burnside is removed from command.
12. Stone’s River/Mufreesboro
When: Dec. 31, 1862- Jan. 1, 1863
Where: Murfreesboro,TN
Union Commander: Gen. William Rosecrans Confederate Commander:
Gen. Braxton Bragg
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): 25000 casualties. This battle can be considered a draw.
Union holds the ground, but the Confederate army still blocks the way to
Chattanooga.
13. Chancellorsville When: May2-6, 1863
Chancellorsville, VA
Where:
Union Commander: Gen. Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker Confederate
Commander: Lee
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): 29000 casualties. Considered Lee’s greatest victory. Lee
outmaneuvered a superior force of Union soldiers. Cost him much.
One-fourth of his troops were casualties and Stonewall Jackson died as a
result of a wound from this battle. Lee was confident, but also desperate
after this fight. He needed to go north again and claim a victory on
northern soil to try to deliver a knockout blow to the Union.
14. Vicksburg
When: April-July 4, 1863 Where: Vicksburg, MS
Union Commander:
Joseph Johnston
Grant
Confederate Commander: Gen.
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): 19,000 casualties. This battle was a siege. It lasted nearly 6
months. Vicksburg was the last obstacle to the Union in its quest to
control the Mississippi River. With this Union victory, the Confederacy
was split in half. The Union could move troops and supplies very
rapidly along the entire Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. This battle is
considered the turning point of the war in the West. Grant is promoted to
command of the entire western army. He will now move to Chattanooga.
15. Gettysburg
PA
When: July 1-3, 1863
Where: Gettysburg,
Union Commander:
Lee
Gen. George Meade Confederate Commander:
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): 51,000 casualties! This is the bloodiest battle of the war. Lee staked all his
hopes on a victory in this fight. It began as a battle over shoes. Both armies were
surprised by the other. Confederate cavalry commander JEB Stuart was making another
circle around the army and Lee was left blind. The Union held the high ground at the
end of day 1. Day 2 saw heavy fighting on the left flank. Joshua Lawerence
Chamberlain and the 20th Maine held off their attack there on Little Round Top. Day 3
saw a suicidal charge against the center of the Union lines by George Pickett. This is
the turning point of the war in the east. Lee’s army is decimated. He will never be able
to mount an offensive again. His best hope is to hold out long enough for the Union to
tire of fighting and give up. General Meade could have followed this victory by
pressing an attack against Lee. He didn’t. Lee regrouped to fight for 2 more years.
16. Chickamauga
Chickamauga, GA
When: September 18-20, 1863
Where:
Union Commander: Gen. Rosecrans Confederate Commander: Gen.
Bragg
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Confederate victory. 34,000 casualties. Brutal fighting. The
Union army was nearly destroyed. General George Thomas would not
retreat or the army would have been lost. He became known as the
“Rock of Chickamauga.” All leaders in this battle except Thomas were
demoted. Could have reversed the positive effects of Gettysburg.
General Grant promoted to head of all western forces.
17. Chattanooga
Chattanooga, TN
When: November 23-25, 1863
Union Commander: Gen. Grant
Bragg
Where:
Confederate Commander: Gen.
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union victory. 12,000 casualties. “Battle in the Clouds.”
Union was surrounded and cut off from supplies. Grant attacked and
defeated the Confederates driving them out of Tennessee. Grant
promoted to head of ALL union forces and William Tecumseh Sherman
promoted to head of all Western forces.
18. The Wilderness When: May 5-6, 1864
Fredericksburg, VA
Union Commander:
Gen. Grant
Where: Near
Confederate Commander: Gen. Lee
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Draw. 25,000 casualties- 18,000 Union, 7,000 Confederate.
Longstreet wounded and out for the rest of the war. Shot accidentally by
his own men almost exactly a year after Stonewall Jackson on almost the
same ground. Union suffered double the casualties, but Grant continued
to chase Lee.
19. Spotsylvania
Courthouse, VA
When: May 8-21, 1864 Where: Spotsylvania
Union Commander: Gen. Grant
Confederate Commander: Gen. Lee
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Casualties unknown for sure. Union 11,000; Confederates
?????. No clear winner, but Grant kept moving south towards
Richmond
20. Cold Harbor
Harbor, VA
When: June 3, 1864
Union Commander: Gen. Grant
Where: Cold
Confederate Commander: Gen. Lee
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?):Confederate victory. Casualties unknown, but some estimates
put the numbers near 80000! Temporarily halts Grants advance.
21. Petersburg
Petersburg, VA
When: June 15, 1864- April 2, 1865 Where:
Union Commander: Gen. Grant
Confederate Commander: Gen. Lee
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Eventual Union victory after a prolonged siege. Casualties are
unknown but some estimates are as high as 70000! Also known as the
“Battle of the Crater.” Leads to the capture of Richmond by Union
forces.
22. Mobile
When: August 2-23, 1864
Union Commander: Adm. David Farragut
Gen. Richard Page
Where: Mobile Bay, AL
Confederate Commander:
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union victory. 1800 casualties. This was one of the last port
cities in possession of the Confederacy. By capturing this port, the
Union stopped all the illegal shipments of supplies and food coming to
the Confederates from foreign countries.
23. Atlanta/ March to the Sea
Where: Atlanta, GA
When: July 22- Sept. 2, 1864
Union Commander: Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman Confederate
Commander: Gen. John Bell Hood
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union Victory. 22000 casualties. This was the beginning of
the “Total War” the Union would wage on the Confederacy. General
Sherman captured and burned the economic hub of Atlanta. His army
then marched to Savannah, GA leaving a 90-mile wide path of
destruction in their wake. They burned and pillaged any plantations and
towns in their path as well as the cotton crops of Georgia. This
campaign was designed to break the spirit and will of the southern
people both military and civilian.
24. Cedar Creek
Creek, VA
When: October 19, 1864
Union Commander: Gen. Phillip Sheridan
Gen. Jubal Early
Where: Cedar
Confederate Commander:
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union victory. 8600 casualties. This battle was for control of
the agricultural and economic base of the Confederacy- the Shenandoah
River Valley. After years of sustaining the Confederate armies through
its rich soil and bountiful harvests, the Union cavalry took control of the
valley. This basically left the Confederacy with little or no supplies.
25. Franklin When: November 30, 1864
Where: Franklin, TN
Union Commander: Gen. George Thomas
Gen. Hood
Confederate Commander:
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union Victory. 9000 casualties. Gen. John Bell Hood saw the
perilous position of Lee’s army in Virginia and the south, in general,
under the assault of Gen. William T. Sherman. Hood sent troops north
toward Nashville to divert Sherman and others from joining Grant in the
assault on the Army of Virginia. Because this battle failed, Sherman was
free to join Grant and trap Lee and his men between two powerful
armies.
26. Appomattox
Courthouse, VA
When: April 7-9, 1865 Where: Appomattox
Union Commander: Gen. Grant
Gen. Lee
Confederate Commander:
Result (Who won? How many casualties? What was the lasting
impact?): Union victory. Casualties unknown. Lee surrenders to Grant.
The Army of Virginia was the largest of the Confederate armies. This is
regarded as the official end of the Civil War even though several
Confederate armies would continue to fight until late into 1865.
With malice toward none; with charity for all;
with firmness in the right, as God gives us to
see the right, let us strive on to finish the work
we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to
care for him who shall have borne the battle,
and for his widow, and his orphan -- to do all
which may achieve and cherish a just, and
lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all
nations.“ A. Lincoln, Second Inaugural
Address
Army Hardtack Recipe
Ingredients:
•4 cups flour (perferably whole wheat)
•4 teaspoons salt
•Water (about 2 cups)
•Pre-heat oven to 375° F
•Makes about 10 pieces
Mix the flour and salt together in a bowl. Add just enough water (less than two cups) so that the
mixture will stick together, producing a dough that won’t stick to hands, rolling pin or pan. Mix the
dough by hand. Roll the dough out, shaping it roughly into a rectangle. Cut into the dough into squares
about 3 x 3 inches and ½ inch thick.
After cutting the squares, press a pattern of four rows of four holes into each square, using a nail or
other such object. Do not punch through the dough. The appearance you want is similar to that of a
modern saltine cracker. Turn each square over and do the same thing to the other side.
Place the squares on an ungreased cookie sheet in the oven and bake for 30 minutes. Turn each piece
over and bake for another 30 minutes. The crackers should be slightly brown on both sides.
The fresh crackers are easily broken but as they dry, they harden and assume the consistentency of
fired brick.