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CHAPTER 21 STUDENT NOTES 21.1 How Do Animals Regulate the Composition of Their Bodies? 21.2 What Nutrients Do Animals Need? A. The Primary Sources of Energy Are _________ and ___________________ (Table 21-1) B. Lipids Include ________, __________________, and ________________ 1. Fats store ____________ in concentrated form (Figure 21-1) C. Carbohydrates Are a Source of ______________ Energy D. ____________ Provide Amino Acids for Building New Proteins (Figure 21-2) E. _____________ Are Elements Required by the Body (Table 21-2) F. Vitamins Play Many Roles in _________________ (Table 21-3) 1. __________-soluble vitamins (Figure 21-3) 2. _________-soluble vitamins (Figure 21-4) G. The Human Body Is About _____-_________ Water H. ________________ _______________ Help People Obtain a Balanced Diet (Table 21-4) I. Are You Too Heavy? 21.3 What Are the Major Processes of Digestion? 21.4 What Types of Digestive Systems Are Found in Non-Human Animals? A. In Sponges, ______________ Occurs within _________________ ________ (Figure 21-6) B. Jellyfish and Their Relatives Have Digestive Systems Consisting of a _______ with a _____________ Opening (Figure 21-7) C. Most Animals Have Digestive Systems Consisting of a _________ with ______________ Specialized ___________________(Figure 21-8) 21.5 How Do Humans Digest Food? (Figure 21-9) A. Breakdown of Food Begins in the ___________ (Figure 21-10) B. The _______________ Connects the ____________ to the Rest of the _______________ System (Figure 21-11) C. The __________________ Conducts Food to the Stomach D. The Stomach ___________ and _____________ ___________ Food E. Most Digestion Occurs in the ______________ ________________ 1. The ________ and __________________ provide bile 2. The pancreas secretes _________________ substances 3. The _________________ ___________ completes the digestive process F. Most ___________________ Occurs in the Small Intestine (Figure 21-12) G. The ____________ ______________ Absorbs Water, Minerals, and Vitamins and Forms ___________ H. Digestion Is Controlled by the ______________ System and _______________. 1. ____________signals initiate digestion 2. Hormones help _______________ digestive activity 21.6 What Are the Functions of Urinary Systems? 21.7 What Types of Urinary Systems Are Found in Non-Human Animals? A. ___________ Cells Filter Fluids in Flatworms (Figure 21-13) B. ______________ Filter Fluids in Earthworms (Figure 21-14) 21.8 How Does the Human Urinary System Work? A. The Human Urinary System ___________, _____________, and Excretes __________. B. The Urinary System Is Crucial for __________________ (Figure 21-15) C. The Urinary System Consists of the ___________, _____________, ___________ __________, and ____________ (Figure 21-16) D. Urine Is Formed in the ____________ of the _____________ (Figure 21-17) 1. Blood is filtered by the _______________ (Figure 21-19) 2. The filtrate is converted to urine in the ____________ of the ____________ 3. Urine becomes concentrated in the __________________ ___________ E. _________________ ______________ Regulates the Water Content of the Blood (Figure 21-20)