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AP ANIMAL SYSTEMS 3 REVIEW SHEET Chapters 41 42 43 44 45 Respiration Digestion and Human Nutrition The Internal Environment Principles of Reproduction and Development Human Reproduction and Development Objectives 1. You should be familiar with the anatomy of the human respiratory system, as well as the types of respiration found in other animals. 2. You should understand the manners in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the circulatory system, as well as the variables that influence the diffusion and release of these gases. 3. You should be familiar with the various measures of lung volume and how these may allow one to determine the relative health of the respiratory system. 4. You should understand the importance of bicarbonate in buffering the pH of the body’s internal fluid. 5. You should be familiar with the anatomy of the human digestive systems, as well as the types of digestion in other animals. 6. You should know the processes occurring in the digestive system in relation to specific anatomy of the system. 7. You should know the four classes of organic molecules and how each is processed for absorption. 8. You should know the anatomy of the urinary system and know the processes occurring in the digestive system in relation to specific anatomy of the system. 9. You should be familiar with the neural and hormonal controls associated with the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and male and female reproductive systems. 10. You should be familiar with processes and concepts important to development from the initial fertilization to aging and death. 11. You should be familiar with both male and female reproductive anatomy and how each system matures the gametes associated with that system. Vocabulary partial pressure hemoglobin lungs epiglottis bronchioles intercostal muscles exhalation Fick’s law surface area volume tracheal respiration oral cavity nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi alveoli pleural membranes lung diaphragm respiratory cycle inhalation intrapleural pressure intrapulmonary pres. lung capacity integument exchange gills tidal volume residual volume carbon dioxide carbonic acid carotid bodies emphysema forced inhalation vol. forced exhalation vol. vital capavity total lung capacity oxygen gas oxyhemoglobin carbamino hemoglobin carbonic anhydrase bicarbonate hydrogen ions pH medulla oblongata aortic bodies cerebrospinal fluid bronchitis erythropoietin myoglobin incomplete digestion complete digestion mechanical digestion secretion chemical digestion salivary glands stomach rectum pancreas carbohydrates proteins carboxypeptidase lipids monoglycerides bile micelle formation absorption pharynx small intestine anus bolus amylases pepsins aminopeptidase lipase nucleic acids emulsification bulk extracellular fluid kidneys urethra proximal tubule renal pelvis secretion urea urine nephrons loop of Henle elimination epiglottis large intestine liver gastric fluid disaccharidases trypsin amino acids triglycerides nucleases microvilli fiber ammonia ureter Bowman’s capsule distal tubule peritubular capillaries filtration excretion active transport antidiuretic hormone aldosterone plasma proteins adrenal cortex adrenal medulla radiation convection evaporation ectotherms heterotherms cold stress vasoconstriction shivering response nonshivering heat heat stress fever sexual reproduction asexual reproduction gamete formation fertilization morula bastula mesoderm endoderm gray crescent anterior-posterior body axis apoptosis homeotic genes morphogens metamorphosis internal fertilization cleavage gastrulation organ formation sperm ejaculatory ducts epididymis seminal vesicles Sertoli cells anterior pituitary testis penis bulbourethral glands semen testosterone hypothalamus mouth esophagus colon gallbladder chyme monosaccharides chymotrypsin fats fatty acids nucleotides segmentation appendix uric acid urinary bladder glomerulus collecting duct reabsorption osmosis angiotensin II conduction endotherms pilomotor response vasodilation yolk blastomeres ectoderm tissue specialization cytoplasmic localization morphogenesis pattern formation embryonic induction aging vas deferens prostate gland Leydig cells gonadotropin RH leutenizing H spermatids menstrual cycle ovaries estrogens zona pellucida corpus luteum embryo yolk sac placenta prolactin follicle stimulating H 10 spermatocyte oocytes uterus follicular phase ovulation oviducts cervix progesterone granulosa cells 0 1 oocyte 20 oocyte coitus fertilization fetus blastocyst chorion allantois labor oxytocin birth control STD’s 20 speratocyte endometrium luteal phase vagina follicle polar bodies ovum amnion HCG lactation
