Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Social rule system theory wikipedia , lookup
Social contract wikipedia , lookup
Social development theory wikipedia , lookup
Postdevelopment theory wikipedia , lookup
Social network wikipedia , lookup
Sociology of knowledge wikipedia , lookup
Social Darwinism wikipedia , lookup
Structural functionalism wikipedia , lookup
Social constructionism wikipedia , lookup
Social exclusion wikipedia , lookup
Sociological Survey of Factors Affecting Tendency to Social Apathy Among Executive Organizations in the Province of Zanjan (Iran- Zanjan) Authors: Karim Hanafi Niri lecturer of sociology at the Institute of Higher Education abdolrahman -e- Sofi. [email protected] Dr. Mehdi Ghadimi Assistant professor, Director department of sociology, Faculty member of Islamic Azad University of Zanjan. [email protected] Dr. Mozafaroldin Shahbazi Assistant professor, Faculty member of Islamic Azad University of Zanjan. Mshahbazii99@ yahoo.com Abstract The term apathy, in different sciences, is synonymous with lack of participation, reluctance, lack of incentive, and isolation. Sociologists and political scholars have considered, in their expected manner, the meaning of apathy as detachment and lack of social and political participation. In this paper, apathy has been researched in an interdisciplinary manner, so as not to be impinged by oversimplification. By reviewing almost all scientific productions on the subject of apathy in Iran (consisting of three theses, three papers, a telephone survey, and a roundtable), the purpose and necessity of researching on this subject is justified. The approach conducted in this survey has been descriptive and the collection of was accomplished using library and field methods. Statistical population has been 27,989 persons of male and female employees, employed in the public sector and statistical sample based on Cochran’s sample estimation has been 379 persons, randomly chosen. Finding results indicate that independent variables: social alienation, social trust, social effectiveness, and social satisfaction have a significance of relation with the dependent variable (apathy). Keywords: Social apathy, political apathy, social alienation, social effectiveness, social trust, social satisfaction, social and political participation * This paper has been extracted from theses: Hanafi Niri, Karim (2010). "Sociological Survey of Factors Affecting Tendencies towards Social Apathy among Executive Organizations in the Province of Zanjan”. 1 Introduction Please take notice of the following points: - You work in your working place with all your effort and use your total energy to increase productivity. - If a there is call for taking part in a demonstration by the government, you will certainly participate. - You are not interested in participating in elections at all and do not like to vote. - You take joy helping an elderly crossing the street. - When you see a colleague of yours not getting to work on time, you feel if you are on time, you have been taken in. - It does not matter to you in what situation other people are. - The performance of officials matters to you and you feel you have right to criticize their poor performance. - It does not matter to you if because of poverty your neighbor sleeps with hunger at nights. Noticing the above facts reveals two points: - Whether you are altruist or carefree; - Whether you are apathetic or considerate; The words altruism, empathy and, apathy, are considered as the summation of points that can be extracted from the above points. What do these words mean and what advantages or disadvantages can the presence or absence of each one of them bring to the social life of individuals? Whether an altruism or apathy of an individual, makes no difference to the well-being of the society? Whether detachment from social issues, will not bring irreparable losses and damages to the body of society? Whether the legitimacy of a political system, does not have any relation with the level of people’s participation in elections? Understanding and making distinctions between collaboration, participation, altruism, apathy, and in total, social behavior, favorable or unfavorable, can be only possible by understanding the individuals’ purposeful inner behavior, existing within themselves. Among these types of behavior, there are clear and obvious differences. Once we are able to classify these different forms of behavior in a purposeful, scientific, rational system, we can be hopeful of their future benefits for the society. The social behavior that an individual learns from society is controlled by three incentives: 1. Direct incentives such as rewards; 2. Alternative incentives such as position promotion, and; 3. Motivations that one particularly creates within oneself, such as individual satisfaction and selfassessment of one’s performance; In this way, we can evaluate one’s desirable or undesirable behavior with regard to the abovementioned patterns. It seems that apathy is something which cannot be considered as one of the above motivations. Self-assessment and satisfaction of oneself, not only stimulate the individual to acquire selfish, or otherwise, sacrificing behavior, but also provide him/her with the ability to understand whether one is acting according to one’s inner laws and principles or not? 2 Here the individual, as an observer of one’s own behavior, acts on one’s assessment and selection to choose to be apathetic and carefree, or otherwise, social and contributor (Hinde, 2001:27). Making efforts to coordinate one’s actions with one’s standards and inner principles depends on the output and efficiency of the individual’s hopes and expectations, and relates to how he/she can access those standards. If the outcomes and outputs of individual’s actions are positive and satisfactory, the process of making efforts to coordinate oneself with his/her standards will continue. If the expectations outcomes are discouraging, the individual will give them up and gets apathetic towards them. Statement of Problem The word ‘apathy’ whose origin comes from the Greek word ‘apathia’. Kaplan & Sadock have reviewed apathy from psychological perspective and have defined it as a state of lacking inner feeling and emotion, lack of interest and emotional involvement with one’s environment (Kaplan, 1991: 29). Political scholars have used apathy with the meaning of reluctance and lack of incentive by individuals in connection with participation and activate in political affairs such as elections. Social scholars have used the term apathy with a meaning opposite to social, psychological, and political interest, involvement, and participation, and have considered it synonymous with isolation, lack of interest in participation, in their expected manner (Van Deth & Elff, 2000:2). With regard to the above definitions, in different sciences, the term apathy comprising psychology, sociology, political science and..., is synonymous with reluctance, lack of effort and participation and in a sense, has been used as being isolated. In this survey, we have tried to study the term apathy in an interdisciplinary manner with scrutiny. The benefit of this kind of approach is that this survey wouldn't suffer reductionism because attention towards this phenomenon and studying it without considering its various dimensions, isn't possible. Apathy in all its dimensions (social, political, cultural, and...) does not result in anything but the individuals’ underdevelopment, isolation, lack of participation and pessimism. This matter gradually ends in disorder, lack of legitimacy of the political and social system, social alienation, sense of inefficacy, dissatisfaction, and lack of confidence towards oneself and others. these factors gradually destroy the social network and make the society suffer from illness of pessimism and hopelessness, in such conditions, individuals lose the energy of relation with others and become isolated over time. Apathy, lack of altruism and lack of empathy among individuals in a society is an important social issue that has engaged the minds and thoughts of many scholars and authorities who are seriously concerned about its dangerous consequences. The reason being, the prevalence of apathy in the society, is questioning the political and social legitimacy, which will consequently end up in its disintegration. Importance and necessity of studying and researching on the phenomenon of apathy in the Iranian society is considered seriously, only when we take a look at the number of scientific productions made in this specific field. The total scientific productions include: two theses, two papers, a telephonic research and a roundtable, which was held in an effort made by a monthly periodical. With regard to this issue, isn’t it mandatory for authorities and researchers to take a 3 special look at this issue once again? The reason being that apathy and lack of participation in social and political issues constitutes questioning the legitimacy of a political and social system. Review of Background and Theoretical Framework - Some determinants of political apathy. Rosenberg (1954), in his study, using qualitative method has reviewed the issue of alienation, absurdity, vanity, and lack of sufficient incentive for participation in the democratic process and its relation with political apathy. The results indicated that there is relation between the political and social alienation with tendency to political apathy (Rosenberg, 1954: 349-350, 363-366). - Political involvement and apathy in Europe 1973 – 1998. This survey was conducted in 18 European countries, using electoral data, collected between 1973 and 1998 by the European Center for Social Studies. In this survey, the effect of variables and social and demographic characteristics of individuals, such as: education, gender, age and date of birth, on the participation rate or political apathy has been measured and assessed. The results indicate that there is a more or less stable level of participation and political interests against a reduction of political apathy among the studied population (Van Deth & Elff, 2000: 1-2, 23-24, 2947). - Political apathy and alienation in Chilean. In this survey, the data related to the elections within 10 years in Chile, was collected and analyzed. The results of this survey indicated severe apathy and lack of interest among people especially the youth - towards participation in the elections. In this survey, people's political alienation and distrust towards the major governmental institutions and parallel with that social apathy was observed. Moreover, this factor was not ineffective in the level of political apathy of people and their lack of political participation in elections (Epstein, 2000: 1, 16-17). - Mass political interest (or apathy) in urban china. This survey was conducted in Beijing, using public opinion data, collected in 1995 poll, among 700 people between 18 to 84-year age groups. In this study, the effect of variables, such as age, gender, level of education, rate of income, political effectiveness, and the level of satisfaction from government were assessed and measured, in order to evaluate people’s interest in participation, or otherwise, their political apathy. As part of this survey, Chinese unique variables, such as being a farmer society, having a spirit of entrepreneurship, and the level of interest in keeping one’s position in the Communist Party was taken into consideration. However, results indicated a significant significance of relation between independent variables over dependent ones, i.e. apathy or political interest (Chen & Zhong, 1999: 300-301). In sociology texts, often apathy is considered as a pathological a phenomenon in the way of social and political participation, and an obstacle in the way of national development; also a sideeffect of urbanization in the modern era. It seems that industry and technology growth, development of social interactions, increased uncontrollable population, large population movements, urbanization growth, proximity of different cultures and sub cultures, growth of mosaic communications, rationality of human behavior, development of tedious logic of being economical, individualism, weakness in institutions and religious beliefs, secularism, loss of group and local 4 identities, and... all have led to modern societies leaving behind a period of crisis in human relations. If we consider the extensive participation of citizens in various realms of social life an important condition for social, economic, and political development, naturally lack of citizens’ participation and the prevalence of apathy can be considered as a strong factor in underdevelopment. Apathy can be explained through different approaches. Sociologists have pointed to social factors affecting apathy. They know of factors such as values, norms, institutions, roles, or in general, social construct, stratification, socio-economic status, ethnicity, and..., effective to the occurrence of this phenomenon. Psychologists consider individual factors such as motives, personal capabilities, self-esteem, interest, sense of confident, sense of effectiveness, sense of efficiency, and.… Economists take notice of economic conditions and capacities of the society and individual (at macro and micro levels), as well as the economic behavior of the individuals. Political scholars usually pay attention to the form of government, power distribution, power construct, presence or lack of features such as democracy, freedom of speech and press, oppositions, parties, political groups, and … (Naderi Abbas Abadi, 2004). An individual facing abnormal and maladaptive situations, loses his/her ability to adjust his/her behavior to desirable social behaviors. Such an individual becomes apathetic, carefree and disincentive towards the issues in his/her surroundings. The individual has no incentive for participation, altruism, and empathy and suffer from some kind of social isolation. Anomie refers to a social situation whose obvious attribute is disintegration of standards and rules governing social interactions. Durkheim has stated that: Anomie is a situation that social or ethical norms are upset and faced with uncertainty, or do not exist at all. A person who is suffering from Anomie, his/her actions are pushed towards undesirable deviated behaviors. At this stage, the person suffers from apathy and practically shows behaviors in which there is no sign of participation, empathy, or altruism (Delaney, 2003: 155). Lazarsfeld refers to the role of education in relation to the understanding of political knowledge, and believes: people with higher level of education show more interest in following up political issues. These people have the highest participation in elections. Therefore, he suggests, governments in order to legitimize their political system must provide the society with grounds for the promotion of knowledge in the field provide the society, since higher level of knowledge is followed by higher political participation, and in parallel, the reduction of political apathy (Lazarsfeld, 1948: 43). Wilensky refers to apathy as a function of aging process, because morality and psychological dispositions change with age, so that they bring a sense of alienation and apathy with them. According to this argument, with the rise of aging population, the amount of apathy rises as well (Kahn, 1987: 167). Hibbs, based on the findings of Gallup in the years 1973 to 1963, in order to determine the amount of apathy and participation, came to the conclusion that most of the respondents emphasized in economic issues. This means that no matter the individuals are interested in social or political participation or not, the result will be a function of their economic status. The better the economic status of individuals, the higher is their participation, and the lower their apathy, and vice versa (Ibid). 5 In the study done by Van Deth & Elff, they assessed the effectiveness of variables of education, gender, age and date of birth on the level of political participation and political apathy. Results indicated that from among these factors, educational level has had the most effectiveness in the rise or fall of political participation, as well as political apathy (Van Deth & Elff, 2000: 30). According to David Solmitz there are other terms being synonymous with the concept of apathy: terms such as passivity, numbness, and Submissiveness. He describes symptoms and signs of apathy as lack of awareness, anxiety, and denial of social responsibilities (Solmitz, 2000: 1-4). Armstrong believes that proper understanding of democracy and the nature of political apathy is only possible through deep cultural studies. He argues that maintaining true democracy and the eradication of apathy in the society depends on the eradication of form and type of social and political messages presented by the cultural and political media. The task of these media is to present news and messages with cultural values in whose shadow, people in the society acquire the proper political and cultural awareness and in this way get a deeper sense of cultural and political activities and participations. This understanding and knowledge of various civil participations is the beginning of the eradication beginning of apathy in the society (Armstrong, 1998: 7-12). Robert Marin, from the point of view, points to some psychological characteristics of apathetic people: such people suffer from anxiety, inappropriate feeling, incentive, and enthusiasm towards undesirable activities, sense of fear, general fatigue, and in some cases, taking refuge in drugs, such as heroin (Marin, 2010: 1). It seems when people in the society, during the course of life, lose their pride and faith, they suffer from social apathy and inevitably resort to dangerous behaviors. The solution to the recovery of a society, whose people suffer from apathy, is trying to aware apathetic individuals about the events stemming from their apathy. In such circumstances, once individuals’ behavior blends with feelings and attention towards social issues, not only themselves, but also the whole public will benefit from positive effects of their behavior (Gribble, 2008: 1). Hypotheses 1. There is relation between social alienation and Tendency to social apathy. 2. There is relation between social trust and Tendency to social apathy. 3. There is relation between social effectiveness and Tendency to social apathy. 4. There is relation between social satisfaction and Tendency to social apathy. Research Methodology The present survey is of a descriptive type. For collecting the data, we have used documents (documentary), library, and field methods, using questionnaire. Statistical population of this survey consists of all employees (both men and women) with formal employment, experimental, and contractual, employed in one of the organizations, banks, public companies or institutions, with a number 27,989 employees, based on the 2010 census taken in Zanjan province. Sampling was done on the basis of stratified random method. For the sample size, Cochran sample estimation formula was used, with the estimated number of 379 employees. Validity: to assess the formal or subjective validity of the present questionnaire, the researcher has tried to use standard questionnaires, which have been repeatedly used and evaluated by other 6 researchers; also by deeply studying previous records conducted in this field, previously mentioned, their experiences were used in the preparation of this questionnaire. Reliability: to assess the reliability of the data collection method, Cronbach’s Alpha method was used, whose results are as follows: Table 1: Reliability Statistics Variable Name Alpha Coefficient Social Alienation %95 Social Trust %94 Social Effectiveness %88 Social Satisfaction %97 Social Apathy %82 Result Descriptive statistics of social alienation Social alienation construct was assessed and measured out of six indexes (sense of powerlessness, sense of anomie, social isolation, sense of meaninglessness, self-estrangement and cultural estrangement), which in total comprise of 19 questions, In this scale, scoring 19 represents the lowest and 95 the highest level of social alienation. Therefore, considering the achieved score (mean 43.1), the level of social alienation among employees is assessed almost as being low. The summary of achieved results, by their index breakdown is shown in the table below: Table 2: Descriptive Statistics, Related to the Construct of Social Alienation, by Index Breakdown Statistics Acquired Level No of Items Range Maximum Minimum Std. Deviation Variance Mean Approx. Low 5 20 25 5 6.6 8.9 12 Sense of Powerlessness Low 2 12 15 3 3.5 4.1 6.1 Sense of Anomie Approx. Low 4 16 20 4 5.2 6.8 9 Social Isolation Low to moderate 3 12 15 3 4.3 6.2 7.8 Sense of Meaninglessness Low 2 8 10 2 2.5 3.3 4 Estrangement towards oneself Low 2 8 10 2 2.8 3.7 4.2 Cultural Estrangement Approx. Low 19 76 95 19 24.9 33 43.1 Total Sum Variable Social Alienation Very High Social Alienation High Social Alienation Moderate Social Alienation Low Social Alienation Very Low 95 76 57 38 19 43.1 7 Descriptive Statistics of Social trust In this survey, social trust construct, was assessed and measured out of three indexes (interpersonal trust, public trust (generalized), and fundamental trust), which in total include 11 questions, using five-score Likert scale. In this scale, scoring 11 represents the lowest and 55 represents the highest level of social trust. Therefore, concerning the achieved scores (mean 27.9), the level of social trust among employees is assessed low to moderate. The summary of achieved results, by their index breakdown is shown in the table below: Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of the Variable of Social Trust, by Index Breakdown Acquired Level No of Items Range Maximum Minimum Std. Deviation Variance Mean Approx. Low 5 20 25 5 6.2 7.7 11.3 Moderate 2 8 10 2 3 4.6 5.9 Low to moderate 4 16 20 4 5.8 8.2 10.7 Low to moderate 11 44 55 11 15 20.5 27.9 Statistics Variable Interpersonal Trust Public Trust Fundamental trust Total Sum Social Trust Very High Social Trust High Social Trust Moderate Social Trust Low Social Trust Very Low 55 44 33 22 11 27 Descriptive Statistics of Social Effectiveness Social effectiveness construct was assessed and measured out of two indexes (external effectiveness and internal effectiveness), which in total include 10 questions, using five-score Likert scale. In this scale, scoring 10 represents the lowest and 50 represents the highest level of social trust. Therefore, concerning the achieved scores (mean 25), the level of social effectiveness among employees is assessed low to moderate. The summary of achieved results, by their index breakdown is shown in the table below: Table 4: Descriptive Statistics of the Variable of Social Effectiveness, by Index Breakdown Statistics Acquired Level No of Items Range Maximum Minimum Std. Deviation Variance Mean Approx. Low 6 24 30 6 8.1 11.2 14.5 External Effectiveness Low to moderate 4 16 20 4 5.7 8.3 10.5 External Effectiveness Low to moderate 10 40 50 10 13.8 19.5 25 Total Sum 8 Variable Social Effectiveness Very High Social Effectiveness High Social Effectiveness Moderate Social Effectiveness Low Social Effectiveness Very Low 50 40 30 20 10 25 Descriptive Statistics of Social Satisfaction Social satisfaction variable was assessed and measured out of three indexes (satisfaction with personal status, satisfaction with social status, and satisfaction with the administrative status), which in total include 9 questions, using five-score Likert scale. In this scale, scoring 9 represents the lowest and 45 the highest level of social satisfaction. Therefore, according to the achieved scores (mean 21.4), the level of social effectiveness among employees is assessed low to moderate. The summary of achieved results, by their index breakdown is shown in the table below: Table 5: Descriptive Statistics of the Variable of Social Satisfaction, by Index Breakdown Statistics Acquired Level No of Items Range Maximum Minimum Std. Deviation Variance Mean Low 4 16 20 4 4.8 5.9 8.8 Personal Situation Low to moderate 3 12 15 3 4.2 6.2 7.5 Social Situation Low to moderate 2 8 10 2 2.8 4 5.1 Administrative situation Low to moderate 9 36 45 9 11.8 16.1 21.4 Total Sum Variable Social Satisfaction Very High Social Satisfaction High Social Satisfaction Moderate Social Satisfaction Low Social Satisfaction Very Low 45 36 27 18 9 22.5 Descriptive Statistics of Tendency to Apathy The variable of tendency to apathy was assessed and measured out of three indexes (apathy toward public life and political apathy towards administrative activities), which in total include 10 questions, using five-score Likert scale. In this scale, scoring 10 represents the lowest and 50 the highest level of social satisfaction. Therefore, according to the achieved scores (mean 20), the level of tendency to apathy among employees is assessed almost low. The summary of achieved results, by their index breakdown is shown in the table below: 9 Table 6: Descriptive Statistics of the Variable of Tendency to Apathy, by Index Breakdown Statistics Acquired Level No of Items Range Maximum Minimum Std. Deviation Variance Mean Low 6 24 30 6 7.9 10.3 12 Tendency to Apathy toward Social and Political Life Low 4 16 20 4 5.3 7.3 8 Tendency to Apathy toward Working and Administrative Life Low 10 40 50 10 13.2 17.6 20 Total Sum Tendency to Apathy Very High Tendency to Apathy High 50 40 Tendency to Apathy Moderate 30 Variable Name Tendency to Apathy Low Tendency to Apathy Very Low 20 10 25 Hypotheses Analysis Statistical method used to test the relation between social alienation variables (hypothesis 1), social trust (hypothesis 2), social effectiveness (hypothesis 3), and social satisfaction (hypothesis 4), with a tendency to apathy, considering that all variables are of the Interval Scale level, is the Pearson correlation test. The output results of this test for hypotheses 1 to 4, are shown with each other in the following table: Table 7: Correlation Test between Variables of Social Alienation, Social Trust, Social Effectiveness, and Social Satisfaction and Tendency to social Apathy Independent Variable Social Satisfaction (Hypothesis 4) - 0.15 0.000 379 Pearson Correlation Sig. N Social Effectiveness (Hypothesis 3) - 0.33 0.000 379 Pearson Correlation Sig. N. Social Trust (Hypothesis 2) - 0.37 0.000 379 Pearson Correlation Sig. N. Social Alienation (Hypothesis 1) 0.50 0.000 379 Pearson Correlation Sig. N. Dependent Variable Tendency Towards Social Apathy Hypothesis 1. There is relation between social alienation and Tendency to social apathy. Correlation coefficient obtained for the two variables of 0.50 and the significance level is 0.000. So, there is a significant relation, as well as, a positive and direct correlation between the two variables, whose intensity is strong. Therefore, concurrent with the rise of social alienation feeling, tendency to apathy also rises. This hypothesis is accepted. Hypothesis 2. There is relation between social trust and Tendency to social apathy. Correlation coefficient obtained for the two variables of - 0.37 and the significance level is 0.000. thus there is significant relation between the two variables and the direction of this correlation is negative and reverse. This hypothesis is accepted. 10 Hypothesis 3. There is relation between social effectiveness and Tendency to social apathy. Correlation coefficient obtained for the two variables of - 0.33 and the significance level is 0.000. thus there is significant relation between the two variables and the direction of this correlation is negative and reverse. This hypothesis is accepted. Hypothesis 4. There is relation between social satisfaction and Tendency to social apathy. Correlation coefficient obtained for the two variables of - 0.15 and the significance level is 0.000. thus there is significant relation between the two variables and the direction of this correlation is negative and reverse. This hypothesis is accepted. Path analysis (Path Analysis) Results obtained from the path analysis for this survey are as follows: - Social alienation construct contains an effectiveness of 0.840 - Social trust construct contains an effectiveness of – 0.008 - Social effectiveness construct contains an effectiveness of – 0.168 - Social satisfaction construct contains an effectiveness of – 0.120 Table 8: The Diagram of Path Analysis of Factors Affecting the Final Index of Tendency to social Apathy Social Alienation 0.840 Social Trust اجتماعي - 0.008 Tendency to social Apathy - 0.168 Social Effectiveness - 0.120 Social Satisfaction Discussion and Conclusion Apathy and its thematic dimensions, such as social - political, interest, and behavioral apathy, in voting, and..., is considered as a social phenomenon, which is culturally known and generalized in most countries of the world, in the form of a social problem and issue. The isolation of individuals and their indifference toward the environment, as well as, various levels of civil conflict among individuals, their disappointments and alienation, their knowledge and awareness of social processes, and their social commitment toward the issues set forth in different levels of society. Furthermore, the individuals’ satisfaction and dissatisfaction as shaping elements of social construct are of issues being in social and political circles, considered by many social science and political thinkers. (Naderi Abbas Abadi, 2004: 1.) Social and political researchers for indifference and apathy among individuals, have named several factors, which directly or indirectly, are involved in the their tendency toward this 11 phenomenon (apathy). Among these factors are: social alienation, sense of ineffectiveness, social and political dissatisfaction, and sense of distrust toward themselves and others. The present survey was planned and accomplished for the purpose of assessing and measuring the level of tendency to apathy, among employees in the public organizations of Zanjan province. Since, nowadays, people’s participation is considered as a tool for social and political legitimacy of a system, the extensive involvement of people in social, political, cultural, and... activities, is felt more than before. As mentioned in the history section of this survey, in our country, Iran, we could find a remarkable and practical research work in the field of tendency to apathy, Therefore, the need for research and study in this regard is mostly felt. Solutions and practical executive suggestions 1. Executive organizations to create a scientific and cultural environment for the creation of vitality and happiness in the employees, must take action in establishing a library and a unit for cultural activities. Since, due to the lack of these centers, government departments will turn into dull and boring places. 2. Restoring the condition of welfare facilities in the offices: the authorities must carefully take this issue into consideration, because the root of most dissatisfactions and ineffectiveness and distrusts, gets back to dissatisfaction towards the government facilities, and the government should make effort to provide it for this group. 3. Paying attention to the conditions of the governing administrative construct, because of putting value to consultancy, encouraging exemplary employees, and creating recreational and sports facilities, and .... 4. Paying attention to the opinions and criticisms expressed by employees about the administrative and business rules and norms among directors and managers, since, in addition to the constructiveness of the office, fair criticism will make grounds for the employees’ intellectual growth and development of the office. Research Suggestions - According to the research history, there is a feeling that most studies and surveys have been performed in the field of politics, and not much has been done in the area of social apathy and issues related to it. - Addressing this issue in Iran has never gained priority in the works of researchers. - With regards to the results of studies and research history, the variables of alienation, trust, effectiveness and satisfaction, are considered as the main variables affecting the phenomenon of apathy. - The weakness of theories in this area is highly significant, in such a way that the researchers are forced to explain the issue of participation, which is opposite to apathy, in order to express this very issue. 12 Reference [1] Armstrong, Paul. (1998). “The Simpsons And Democracy Political Apathy, Popular Culture, And. Lifelong Learning As Satire. Available (http://www.education.leeds.ac.uk/research/uploads/36.pdf) [2] Chen, J., Zhong, Y. (1999). "Mass Political Interest (Or Apathy) In Urban China". Communist And Post-Communist Studies. Vol. 32, No. 3, Pp: 281-303. [3] Epstein, Edward C. (2000). Political Apathy And Alienation In A Stalemate Society: The Limits Of The New Chilean Democracy. Paper Read At Paper Delivered At The XXII International Congress Of The Latin American Studies Association, March, At Miami. [4] Gribble, Dawn. (2008). "Social Apathy and Cosmic Consciousness". Available (http://www.bonmy.com/inspirational/social-apathy-and-cosmic-conciousness.html). [5] Hinde, R. A. (2001). Responsibility: A Biological Perspective. In A.E. Auhagan& H.W. Bierhoff (Eds.), Responsibility The Many Faces Of A Social Phenomenon (Pp: 23-33). London: Routledge. [6] Kahn, Joan R. & Mason, William M. (1987). "Political Alienation, Cohort Size, and the. Easterlin Hypothesis". American Sociological review. Vol. 52, No. 2. pp. 155-169. [7] Lazarsfeld, Paul M., Berelson, Bernard & Gauded, Hazel. (1948). The People's Choice: How The Voter Makes Up His Mind In A Presidential Campaign. New York: Colombia University Press. [8] Rosenberg, M. (1954). "Some Determinants Of Political Apathy". The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 4, Pp: 349-366. [9] Van Deth, J., Elff, M. (2000). "Political Involvement And Apathy In Europe 1973 - 1998". Mzes Working Paper, No. 33. Mannheim: Mzes. [10] Delaney, Tim (2003). Classical Social Theory: Investigation And Application. Pearson Prentice Hall. [11] Kaplan, Harold I & Sadock, Benjamin (1991). Comprehensive glossary of psychiatry and psychology. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins [12] Marin, Robert. (2010). "What are causes of apathy?" Available (http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090408211051AAkg5qv). [13] Naderi Abbasabadi, hamdollah (2004). Measuring degree of social apathy in between undergraduate students of tabriz university and study factors connected to social apathy. Supervisor hossain banifatemeh. MA sociology thesis. tabriz: tabriz University. [14] Solmitz, David O. (2000). "The Roots Of Apathy And How Schools Can Reduce Apathy". (November 4, 2000). Available (Http://Www.Rem1.Org/Local_Voices/Summer2000/Education/Apathy.Htm) 13