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Imperialism Creation of the U.S. Empire Essential Questions • Why did the United States abandon her traditional isolationist foreign policy? • Washington’s warning to stay out of foreign entanglements. • How did the United States expand her influence in the world? Essential Understandings • Many twentieth-century American foreign policy issues have their origins in America’s emergence as a world power at the end of the nineteenth century. • America’s intervention in World War I ensured her role as a world power for the remainder of the century. • The growing role of the United States in international trade displayed the American urge to build, innovate, and explore new markets. Imperialism • During America’s Age of Imperialism, the practice of extending power and dominion by gaining political and economic control over other areas established the United States as a world power • After the Civil War, pioneers settled the last western frontiers and expansionists began to look even further west. Imperialism • Imperialism – the economic and political domination of a strong nation over other weaker nations. • Beginning in the 1880’s more people wanted to make the US a world power • Economic and military competition from other nations, as well as a growing feeling of superiority led to this shift in opinion Justification Economic Need: American Farmers & industry needed new markets for its goods & new sources of raw materials Justification Social Darwinism: American duty to spread its superior culture to others Manifest Destiny: God made it our destiny to expand Imperialist Needs Alfred Mahan U.S. needs strong navy Free nearby islands from threats 1. Economic: American Farmers and industry needed new markets for its goods & new sources of raw materials American Foreign Trade: 1870-1914 2. Military/Strategic Interests U.S. needs strong navy Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783 3. Social Darwinist Thinking American duty to spread its superior culture to others The White Man’s Burden 4. Religious/Missionary Interests Manifest Destiny: God made it our destiny to expand Imperialism • Europe had been expanding for many years • The use of tariffs had reduced trade between industrial countries forcing them to look overseas for places to sell their products • Europeans looked overseas for places to invest • To protect their investments, they began exerting control over those territories where they invested their capital and sold their products making some protectorates. Imperialism • Protectorate: imperial power allowed local rulers to remain in control while protecting them against rebellion and invasion • The expansion of Europe overseas moved Americans to want to do the same • Many supporters of Social Darwinism argued that nations competed politically, economically, and militarily, and only the strongest would survive • Some believed in Anglo-Saxonism Imperialism • Anglo-Saxonism – the idea that the Englishspeaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government and were destined to dominate the planet • American leaders thought the United States needed a powerful navy • A navy could protect the merchant ships and defend its right to trade with other countries • By the 1890’s the US was on its way to becoming a great naval power Expansion in the Pacific • Japan in the 1800’s only traded with China and the Dutch • In 1852 President Pierce ordered Commodore Matthew C. Perry to negotiate a peace treaty with Japan • The Japanese, impressed by American technology and power, signed a treaty opening two ports to American trade • By the 1890’s, Japan had a powerful navy and set out to build its own empire in Asia U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 Japan no longer isolated Expansion in the Pacific • Americans were interested in Hawaii also • Sugarcane grew well there and by the mid1800s there were many sugarcane plantations • In 1875, the US removed tariffs on Hawaiian sugar and the planters grew wealthy • An 1890 tariff gave subsidies to US sugar growers and the Hawaiian sugar became more expensive Expansion in the Pacific • In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani became ruler • She disliked American influence and tried to reestablish her authority • The planters overthrew her government and forced her to give up power • They set up their own government • The United States annexed Hawaii five years later. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians! U.S. in the Pacific & Asia Hawaii: U.S. business leaders fund a revolution U.S. military prevents help from reaching island U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. Trade and Diplomacy in Latin America • The United States wanted more influence in Latin America. • The US wanted to sell more products there • The US wanted Europeans to see the US as the main power in the region • The Latin Americans did not want to restrict their trade so they rejected the idea of a customs union with the United States Building a Modern Navy • Americans were willing to risk war to defend their interests overseas • Captain Alfred T. Mahan published his book called “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History” • It suggested a nation needed a large navy to protect its merchant ships and to defend its right to trade with other countries. • Needed territory overseas for naval bases The Coming of War • Cuba, a Spanish colony, provided wealth for Spain • Jose’ Marti, a Cuban revolutionary left Cuba to New York in 1868 to raise money • In 1895 Marti returned and declared Cuban independence • They set up the Republic of Cuba in September The Coming of War • At the start of the Cuban revolution, Americans were neutral • William Randolph Hearst, and Joseph Pulitzer two journalists used yellow journalism to get the Americans to side with the rebels • Yellow Journalism: Exaggerated stories used to get people to believe a certain way • Hearst and Pulitzer exaggerated stories of Spanish attacks on Cubans “Yellow Journalism” Tabloid Newspapers reported the brutality of the Spanish in graphic terms. Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! William Randolph Hearst The Coming of War • Cuban rebels attacked American property, hoping to get America to intervene in the war • The Spanish governor of Cuba caused the deaths of thousands of Cuban villagers by sending them to reconcentration camps. • Spanish ambassador, Enrique Dupuy de Lome wrote a letter describing McKinley as weak. • The New York Journal printed the letter, causing Americans to become angry Spanish-American War 1st attempt at imperialism off American soil Causes: - Spanish treatment of Cuba - De Lome letter Spanish Mistreatment in Cuba The Coming of War • The U.S.S. Maine, anchored in Havana, Cuba, exploded • Although no one knows why, many Americans blamed Spain • President McKinley was pressured into declaring war on Spain in 1898 by members of his own political party. • jingoism – an attitude of strong nationalism, was very strong within his party Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! USS Maine explodes in Cuba Dewey Captures Manila! Spanish American War (SPAM) • America’s navy destroyed Spanish warships in the Philippines • The American army attacked Cuba and the “Rough Riders” attacked San Juan Hill • Theodore Roosevelt was 2nd in command and became a hero because of this battle • Within 4 months the war was over • Spain and the US agreed to a cease-fire The “Rough Riders” Teddy Roosevelt becomes a national hero @ Battle of San Juan Hill An American Empire is Born • The United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on 12/10/1898 • Cuba became an independent country. • The US acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines. • The US becomes an imperial power. Results of the War A. U.S. territorial gains: 1) Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines B. U.S. emerging as a “world power” 1) Europe takes notice (esp. Germany) U.S. in Pacific & Asia Philippines: U.S. annexed after SpAm War Guerilla war killed more U.S. soldiers in Philippines than entire SpAm war An American Empire is Born • William Howard Taft, the first US civilian governor of the Philippines, introduced reforms to try to win the Filipino’s over • Hostilities lessened and by 1902 all Filipino resistance had stopped. • The United States granted independence to the Philippines in 1946 An American Empire is Born • Puerto Rico became an unincorporated territory in 1900. • In 1917 Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the United States(so they could be drafted into WWI) • In 1947 they elected their own governor • Today the debate on whether to grant Puerto Rico statehood, to become an independent country, or to continue as a Commonwealth and part of the United States still exists Platt Amendment • After the war, the US set up a military government in Cuba. • Steps were taken to ensure Cuba would remain tied to the United States • The Platt Amendment specified (1) Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that would weaken its power or allow another foreign power to gain territory in Cuba Platt Amendment • (2) Cuba had to buy or lease naval stations to the United States • (3) Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce payment • (4) The United States would have the right to protect Cuban independence and keep order. • It was repealed in 1934 Latin America • Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Spanish American War (1895) – Platt Amendment: U.S. can intervene in Cuba to protect democracy American Diplomacy in Asia • Japan and China fought over Korea • Japan won and China gave Korea independence and Japan territory in Manchuria • Japan had successfully adopted Western technology • Russia made Japan give part of Manchuria back to China and later made China lease it to Russia American Diplomacy in Asia • This leasehold became the center of a sphere of influence, an area where a foreign nation controlled economic development such as railroad and mining. • Secretary of State John Hay supported an Open Door Policy in China – he believed all countries should be allowed to trade with China. U.S in Pacific & Asia China: Open Door Policy Sec of State John Hay Goal: U.S wants free trade in China Problem: European countries already controlled Chinese trade The Open Door Policy (1899) Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power. American Diplomacy in Asia • Theodore Roosevelt won the Noble Peace prize in 1906 for his efforts in stopping the Russo-Japanese war. • Russia recognized Japan’s territorial gains and Japan was persuaded to stop seeking further territory. • After the peace treaty, relations between U.S. and Japan worsened American Diplomacy in Asia • The Great White Fleet – 16 battleships of the U.S. were sent around the world to show the country’s military strength. • Visiting Japan did not help the tension that already existed. The Great White Fleet: 1907 A Growing Presence in the Caribbean • In 1903 Panama was still part of Columbia • Columbia refused John Hay’s offer to purchase the land and gain rights to build the canal • Panamanians decided to declare their independence and make their own deal with the U.S. • United States recognized their independence and work on the canal began in 1904. • It shortened the distance by about 8,000 nautical miles. Panama Canal United States needs quicker transportation from east coast to west coast TR creates a revolution in Panama Columbian control of Panama ended (Construction of canal begins in 1904) America Becomes an Imperial Power 60 Roosevelt Corollary • Roosevelt Corollary added to Monroe Doctrine which basically made the U.S. the Policemen of the Western Hemisphere. • It stated that the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability. • President Taft believed that if American business leaders supported Latin America and Asian development, everyone would benefit. • His policy came to be called dollar diplomacy. Why Become an Imperial Power? 5. The Idealism Explanation The World’s Constable U.S. in Latin America Roosevelt Corollary Addition to the Monroe doctrine Policeman of the Big Stick western Policies hemisphere Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick! Gunboat Diplomacy Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” 1908-1912 Investments in Latin America required U.S. protection Use $ to help control foreign governments