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Imperialism Chapter 10 Pathfinder Fleet Library of Congress Diplomacy after the Civil War Little concern for foreign affairs. Manifest Destiny—pushed an industrial nation across the continent. Secretary of State William Seward’s purchase of Alaska in 1867 from Russia for $7.2 million (“Seward’s Folly) Pacific island of Midway Toward a New Imperialism Imperialism in global context The scramble for empire was well under way by the time the U.S. entered in the late 19th century. By the late 19th century, the technology of arms and the networks of communication, transportation, and commerce brought the prospect of effective, truly global empires within much closer reach – a new age of imperialism (ex. Africa) American Imperialism: Markets The rapid industrial development of the U.S. (new places to export and access to raw materials) The growth of industrial networks linked them to international markets as never before. American companies were outgrowing the home market. As economic systems became more tightly knit and political systems more responsive to industrialists and financiers, a rush for markets in distant lands was unavoidable. European Expansion Worldwide American Imperialism Social Darwinism Applied evolution to the social order. Survival of the fittest. Justified white supremacy and European and American expansion. Religious motives and “the civilizing mission” American Protestant missionaries sought to convert “heathen” unbelievers in faraway lands. “The white man’s burden” – introducing civilization to the “colored” races of the world. Expansion In 1880, the U.S. still lacked the military might of an imperial power. The U.S. Navy ranked 12th in the world, behind Denmark and Chile. The U.S. could not protect its interests overseas. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) – by Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that national greatness and prosperity depended on sea power. U.S. needed a modern navy with steam-powered, steel-hulled ships that would need coaling stations and other re-supply facilities throughout the world By 1900, the U.S. Navy ranked 3rd in the world. With a modern navy, the country had the means to become an imperial Pacific Islands U.S. took the port of Pago Pago in the strategically located islands of Samoa in 1878 The crucial link to extending trade across the Pacific to China was Hawaii Island settled about 2,000 years earlier by people from Polynesian Islands. By 1840s, American merchants and missionaries dominated Boom in sugarcane growing resulted from trade agreement with U.S. By the 1880s, U.S. was in virtual control with base at Pearl Harbor Queen Liliuokalani ascended to throne and tried to limit foreign influence, Americans staged revolution and proclaimed Republic of Hawaii Hawaii annexed in 1898 The Spanish American War Rebellion broke out in Cuba in 1895 seeking independence from Spain. Yellow journalism whipped the American public into a hostile frenzy. De Lôme letter – Spanish minister in Washington sent this letter to friend in Cuba; called McKinley a “would-be politician” and said that Spain had no intention of changing its policy –“Worst Insult to the United States in its History.” The Spanish American War The battleship Maine exploded in Havana harbor in 1898 killing 260 American sailors. Spain announced unilateral ceasefire. U.S. declared war on Spain. Congress declared Cuba independent. Campaigns Manila Naval battles determined the outcome of the war. Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish ships in Manila Bay, Philippines. Cuba U.S. Navy destroyed Spanish fleet in Cuba. T.R.’s “Rough Riders” won the battle of San Juan Hill. Results 5,462 Americans died (379 in battle) Most killed by malaria, typhoid, dysentery, or yellow fever Wool uniforms and diseased, rotten, or poisoned rations. War ended less than 4 months after it started: Cuba was given independence. U.S. annexed Puerto Rico and Guam, occupied the Philippines for $20 million (Also annexed Hawaii and Wake Island) It would take another 5,000 casualties to subdue Philippines. China: The Open Door Policy Following the Sino-Japanese War, China attracted the great powers in a scramble for control. Open Door Policy outlined by Secretary of State John Hay urged major powers to keep trade open to all countries on an equal basis. Open Door Policy threatened by the Boxer Rebellion When Chinese nationalists laid siege to foreign embassies in Peking (Beijing), multinational force went in to stop uprising. America urged other countries to “preserve Chinese territorial and administrative integrity” – New American empire would have its share of Rise of TR Election of 1900 William Jennings Bryan (Dem) vs. McKinley/TR (Rep) Republicans win on proimperialist platform Assassination of McKinley in Sep, 1901 made TR president. At 42, TR was youngest president. Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy “Speak softly and carry a big stick” The Panama Canal Colombian province of Panama, with American aid, claimed independence and got canal contract from United States. America built the canal, opening in 1914. The Roosevelt Corollary In response to an economic crisis in the Dominican Republic, Roosevelt announced his Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine—the United States could intervene in its neighbors’ affairs to prevent foreign intervention. Would later become the basis for military intervention.