Download Imperialism Monroe Doctrine 1823 Venezuela Issue Guiana

Imperialism
Monroe Doctrine
Platt Amendment
- 1823
- 4 requirements
Venezuela Issue
Election of 1900
- Guiana
- McKinley vs. Bryan
- Venezuela
America as a World Power
The “Big Sister Policy”
Imperialism
- James G. Blaine
- Reasons WHY imperialism appealed to
The Great Rapprochement
some people (1 – 8)
American Imperialism in Hawaii
Filipino Resistance
- Pearl Harbor (1887)
- Guerilla warfare
- Queen Liliuokalani
- Emilio Aguinaldo
- President Cleveland- rejected annexation
- “Little Brown Brothers”
- President McKinley- completed annexation
- July 4, 1946
in 1900
Spheres of Influence in China
Spanish-American War
- John Hay
- Jingoism
- Open Door Policy
- Cuban Revolt
- Boxer Rebellion
- Yellow journalism
Big Stick Policy
- De Lome Letter
- “speak softly and carry a big stick”
- U.S.S. Maine
- Great White Fleet
McKinley’s War Message
Panama Canal
- 4- Reasons for war
- Columbia vs. Panama
Two Front War
- Hay-Bunai-Varilla Treaty (1903)
- Philippines
- December 31, 1999
- Cuba
- George Goethals
Treaty of Paris
- Dr. William Gorgas
- Results of the War
Roosevelt Corollary
The Philippine Question
- 1904
- The Anti-Imperialistic League
Russo-Japanese War
Insular Cases
- Theodore Roosevelt’s role
- Are residents of American territories given
full rights as American citizens?
Review of the Monroe Doctrine
- Issued by President Monroe to Congress on December 2, 1823 to keep European nations out of affairs in the
Western Hemisphere (North and South America)
- “as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by
the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects
for future colonization by any European power”
- stopped European colonization from spreading in N & S America
- stopped European countries from getting involved in N & S American affairs
Venezuela
- Venezuela has boundary disputes with it’s neighbor- Guiana, a British territory.
- the U.S. wanted to settle the boundary dispute with Great Britain, however- GB said that it was none of the U.S.’s
business.
- the United States said that it was- according to the Monroe Doctrine
- they were able to settle the dispute with GB.
- Results:
- Latin American countries were thankful that that the U.S. ‘protected’ them from European domination
- Britain was actually given the better deal with the land settlement
- Turning point- Britain would try to make friends with the U.S. from this point on, no longer be hostile (this
would help in the next century to come)
The “Big Sister” Policy
- was a U.S. policy formulated by James G. Blaine in the 1880s and aimed to rally the Latin American nations
behind the United States' leadership and to open Latin America markets to U.S. traders. Blaine served as Secretary of State
in 1881 in the cabinet of President James Garfield and again from 1889 to 1892 in the cabinet of President Benjamin
Harrison.
The Great Rapprochement
- a term usually attributed to Bradford Perkins, is used to describe the convergence of social and political objectives,
between the United States and the British Empire, in the two decades before World War I.
American Imperialism in Hawaii
- New England missionaries went to Hawaii in 1820.
- the United States was allowed to est. Pearl Harbor naval base in 1887
- Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown by white revolutionists. White people had an interest in Hawaii for the sugar
plantations. If Hawaii was annexed as a state, they would no longer have to pay taxes or tariffs to import that sugar
and sell it.
- President Cleveland rejected the addition of Hawaii as a colony, while later President McKinley completed the
annexation in 1900 as a territory.
The Spanish-American War “Splendid Little War” – 1898
Causes of the war:
- jingoism: swept through the people in the U.S. Jingoism is an intense form of nationalism calling for an
aggressive foreign policy
- Cuban revolt: bands of Cubans were revolting against the Spanish government and tried to get the U.S.
government involved in their cause. They destroyed Cuban plantations and called for Cuban
independence. Spain responded by sending General Valeriano Weyler and 100,000 troops to
suppress the revolt.
- yellow press (yellow journalism: newspaper reporting that sensationalized newspapers with enhanced
information to excite readers. (Crime, scandal, and disaster were often involved in the headlines)
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer both owned New York Newspapers that caused
many Americans to want Congress to intervene in Cuba
- De Lome letter: A letter written by the Spanish Minister to the United States, Dupuy de Lome, which was
highly critical of President McKinley. This was published in Hearst’s newspaper- The New York
Journal. Many Americans considered this disrespectful to the United States.
- Sinking of the U.S. Maine: Happened less than one week after the De Lome letter was leaked to the
public. The U.S. Maine had been stationed in the harbor of Havana, Cuba. It suddenly exploded
and killed 260 Americans. Yellow journalism claimed that the Spanish had exploded the ship (later
it was concluded that it was most likely an accident that caused the ship to explode)
- McKinley’s War message: McKinley issued an ultimatum that demanded Spain ceasefire in Cuba; Spain
agreed but the U.S. people still wanted war. McKinley agreed to public pressure and sent the
Congress a war message stating the reasons for war:
1) “Put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation and horrible miseries” in Cuba
2) Protect the lives and property of U.S. citizens living in Cuba
3) End “the very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people”
4) End “the constant menace to our peace” arising from the disorders in Cuba
- Teller Amendment: Congress’ response to McKinley’s war message. Congress declared the U.S. had no
intention of taking political control in Cuba and that once peace was restored to the island that the Cuban
people would control their own government
- The U.S. honored the Teller Amendment of 1898 by withdrawing from Cuba in 1902
Fighting the War:
Philippines  - Began at Manila Bay in the Philippines- a Spanish territory
- U.S. ships fired on Spanish ships in Manila Bay, U.S. navy was led by Commodore George Dewey
Cuba 
- the BIG problem with fighting in Cuba was the diseases that American forces faced in the tropical climate
(malaria, typhoid, dysentery)
- more people died because of the diseases than in fighting
- Spanish army was larger but poorly led
- American victory
ROUGH RIDERS- regiment of volunteers, mostly cowboys and former athletes, formed by Theodore Roosevelt and led by
Leonard Wood.
- the Rough Riders were able to defeat the Spanish leader Admiral Cervera. The Spanish no longer had a
navy at that point and could no longer continue to fight the war.
Puerto Rico  - American General Nelson A. Miles was able to take over Puerto Rico with little resistance
Guam
Treaty of Paris
- December 10, 1898
Results of the War:
- recognition of Cuban independence from Spain
- U.S. acquisition of two Spanish islands- Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and Guam in the Pacific
- MANY U.S. soldiers died from malaria, typhoid, and yellow fever
- U.S. acquisition of the Philippines in return for payment to Spain of $20 million dollars
***The purpose of the war was to liberate Cuba, but people were not keen on taking over the Philippines
The Philippine Question
As a result of purchasing the Philippines, the Anti-Imperialistic League was formed
- opposed annexing the Philippines because
- the area was heavily populated
- they were a different race and had their own culture
- felt that it violated the principles of the Declaration of Independence
- it would entangle the U.S. in Asian political conflicts
When the Philippines were annexed, the Filipinos revolted.
- Emilio Aquinaldo had fought on the side of the U.S. during the war
- After annexation he led bands of guerilla fighters against the U.S. troops
- the Filipinos wanted their independence from Spain, NOT to be acquired by the U.S.
- thousands of lives were lost because of the Filipino insurrection
Insular Cases
- Supreme Court Cases to resolve the issue of if U.S. rights were going to be extended to America’s new Filipino territory
- the court ruled that NO, territories would not automatically be given full constitutional rights and that the power to give
territories rights lay in the power of Congress
Platt Amendment
- Cuba had to agree to certain terms in order for the U.S. to honor the Teller Amendment and leave Cuba
- the Platt Amendment upset Cuban nationalists because they had to agree to
1) never to sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence
2) never to build up an excessive debt
3) to permit the United States to intervene in Cuba’s affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and
order
4) to allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba including one at Guantanamo Bay
*In effect the Platt Amendment made Cuba a protectorate of the United States- in other words, Cuba would be subject to
American supervision
Election of 1900
President McKinley
Republican
vs.
William Jennings Bryan =
Democrats
McKinley re-elected
Teddy Roosevelt- VP
Bryan was against imperialism and for free silver (silver used as currency, not backed by the U.S. treasury)
McKinley had adopted the gold standard (each dollar represented the gold in the treasury)
America as a World Power
Positive effects of the Spanish-American war:
- Europeans thought of the U.S. as a world power
- resulted in national pride among Americans
- Southerners shared in the national pride and became more attached to the Union
- France, Great Britain and other European nations began to recognize that the U.S. was a first class power with a strong
navy and was willing to take an active role in international affairs.
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM
Action: Imperialism is the practice of extending the power, control or rule by one country over areas outside its borders. The
areas so controlled or ruled may be called that country's empire. Colonialism is a variety of imperialism in which the
controlled areas are formally declared to be its "colonies" or "protectorates". Imperialism is also used to refer to situations
where the mode of control is less formal ; for instance where the dominant country's influence or control in the subordinate
areas is economic, not involving overt territorial conquest.
Attitude: Imperialism is the attitude of superiority, subordination and domination over foreign peoples.
Reasons why Americans became more interested in imperialism
1) The U.S. needed worldwide markets for its growing industrial and agricultural surpluses
2) Needed a new source of raw materials for manufacturing
3) International Darwinism- the idea of “survival of the fittest” in the business world spread to “survival of the fittest”
among nations AKA acquire more territory in order to be strong
4) Imperialism- (imperialism- acquiring territory or gaining control over the political or economic life of other
countries) other nations (i.e. Britain, Russia, Germany, France, and Japan) were all acquiring territories in the
Pacific Ocean and Africa
5) Missionaries- mission activities in churches in churches encouraged Americans to support active U.S.
government involvement in foreign affairs.
WHY- Reverend Josiah Strong wrote a book called Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis
(1885) which said that people of Anglo-Saxon stock were the “fittest to survive” and that Protestant
Americans had a duty to colonize other lands for the purpose of spreading Christianity and Western
civilization. (spread medicine, science, and technology)
6) Politicians- the Republican Party had close ties with business leaders in America. So, Republican leaders
supported gaining foreign territory in order to support businesses. Henry Cabot Lodge- congressman from
Massachusetts and Theodore Roosevelt- governor of NY supported imperialism
7) Naval Power- in his book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) U.S. Naval Captain Alfred Thayer
Mahan said that a strong navy was vital to a country’s ambitions of gaining foreign markets and becoming world
powers. As a result the U.S. Congress funded the expansion and modernization of the U.S. Navy. By 1900, the
U.S. had the third largest navy in the world
8) Yellow Journalism/Popular Press- printed stories about distant and exotic places- increased public interest in
foreign affairs