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By Kayla Maedche HIS 325 The Birth of a Goddess Parents: Zeus and Metis Zeus swallowed his wife Hephaestus split Zeus’ head Fully-grown and armed Wisdom: head of Zeus Basic Info - Characteristics Origins in Neolithic times Roman equivalent = Minerva Goddess of war, wisdom, the state, weaving, and fertility www.theoi.com/Cult/AthenaTitles.html#Cult War goddess (promachos) Grants victory in battle as Nike or Nikephoros Aegis was a battle charm Injured Ares in the Trojan War Worshiped in Libya as Neith Glaukopis: “bright-eyed,” association with owl’s (glaux) eyes Tritogeneia: “water-born” or reared by Triton; also means third-born Pallas Athena killed Pallas, daughter of Triton, while practicing the art of war Refers to virginity in contrast to her fertility epithets Potnia: Homer recorded this epithet which means queen Basic Info – Human Interaction Trojan War & The Odyssey Libya: how to tame horses Athens: infantry tactics King Erichthonius: how to harness a chariot Present during the building of Jason’s Argo Welcomed Hercules to Olympus Guided Perseus against the Gorgons Saved the heart of Dionysus Invented the potter’s wheel and the flute Patroness of Athens – Contest Chose Attica as her special place Athena vs. Poseidon on the Acropolis Gifts: olive tree vs. salt spring Attica becomes Athens Patroness of Athens – Customs Spousal: Athena’s virginity (pallas) was upheld as proper female behavior in patriarchal society the maiden’s parents offered a sacrifice for the fruitfulness of the marriage Fertility: priestess would bear the aegis to a couple’s home the priestess received a payment for each birth and death of an Athenian Amphidromia Naming ceremony when it was believed the child would survive Olive braches = boy garlands of wool = girl Nurse carried the child around the fire Alliances: a tablet was made with a representation of Athena holding the hand of the other city’s patron god Military: the aegis was hung over the walls of the city to prevent defeat Patroness of Athens – Festivals Arrephoria: young, noble girls descended from Athena’s temple to take sacred objects underground near Aphrodite’s sanctuary Scirophoria: priests and priestesses form a procession under a large parasol (sciron) Panathenaea: procession to the Acropolis with the sacred robe (peplos) and olive branches; included many events and ceremonies Greater Panathenaea was held every 4th year where other city-states participated at Athens Athens - Characteristics Plain of Attica Triangular tract in the Aegean Sea Basin area that is surrounded by hills and mountains Theater of Dionysus Plato’s Academy; “Athens is the city hall of Wisdom” Aristotle’s Lyceum Cradle of western civilization and the birthplace of democracy Important center of early Hellenistic Greece Nicknamed “the glorious city” Athenians were the most pious and religious of all Greeks Athens – Brief Timeline 3000 BC: first settlement on the Acropolis 566 BC: Panathenaic festival established 534 BC: first tragedy performed at Dionysian festival 508 BC: Became a democracy under Kleisthenes 5th Century BC: Golden Age of Athens under the reign of Pericles 431-404 BC: Peloponnesian War 387 BC: Plato founds the Academy 44 AD: Apostle Paul visits Athens Acts 17: 21 – locals interested in the latest ideas 132 AD: Emperor Hadrian’s library is built 476 AD: Roman Empire falls; Athens declines 529 AD: became a Byzantine provincial town 13th Century AD: invaded by the Crusaders 15th Century AD: occupied by Turks 1833: became the Greek capital 1896: first modern Olympic games Acropolis Citadel stands 150ft. above the Athenian plain Fortified along the Cecropian rock Strongest area in the city Persians set it on fire Parthenon Parthenos: Maiden; also known as “Virgin’s House” 447 -438 BC: construction time 438-432 BC: Phidias’ creates its’ sculptures Built with 230,000 metric tonnes of marble from Mt. Pentelicon Architects: Ictinus and Callicrates Western end: held the bank Eastern end: statue of Athena Emperor Hadrian’s reign: repaired and beautified Transformed into a church for Mary 1687- destroyed by a Venetian battery when used by the Turks Parthenon 44 AD: Paul in Athens Acts 17:16 – greatly distressed (paroxysm) to see the city full of idols in 44 AD Paroxysm means sudden, violent emotion Acts 17:18 – spoke with Epicurean and Stoic philosophers Was called a spermalog (babbler, courtier, or buffoon) Acts 17:22 – saw their religious nature (deisidaimones) Vague word meaning cowardice towards the divine, or deep superstition Acts 17:24 – Paul preached to the Athenians on Mars Hill (Areopagus) Civic place to hear new ideas; also used for trials before the Council of the State Truth that God is not man-made and will raise His believers into everlasting Life Acts 17:34 – mixed responses, but many accepted the faith Symbolism – The Owl Owl perched on Zeus’ wrist Glaux: a small, strictly nocturnal owl Shorthand mark for Athens Agathocles let out owls among his troops so that they would gain courage Representation of wisdom, death, and destruction Owl’s cry: impending doom Symbolism – The Olive Sacred olive tree beside the temple; represented the fate (moira) of the city Customary to plant one at the birth of each citizen Blessings of prosperity and good fortune Eiresione: olive branch hung annually over every family’s door Victors at athletic games were crowned with branches Symbolism – The Spindle Spinning: as early as Homer; “spinner of fate” Protective care over the peaceful arts of the city The Peplos (sacred robe) Wove one for herself and for Hera Given in special occasions like the Panathanaea Sign of sovereignty “net of destiny” Arachne, the princess of Lydia Symbolism – The Snake Legendary snake guarded the Acropolis Snake’s absence in the Persian attack Erichthonios was the foster son of Athena Sign of agricultural fertility Prophetic animal (Tiresias) Anyone who ate a snake became wise Representation in Art Two general classes: standing with weapons; sitting without weapons (potnia) Palladium: Standing pose without weapons originally at the city of Troy; the city could not be defeated while it had the image Promachos: Standing with feet apart striding forward; dates to the Bronze Age Modern Homage State seal of California US Women’s Navy US Military Academy Athens of the South Over 30 USA locations Modern Homage